Br ambedkar autobiography template

Indian jurist, economist, politician subject social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, watch List of things named after Risky. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect thither. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political governor who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based be at odds the debates of the Constituent Faction of India and the first write of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice clergyman in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, regenerate to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone Academy, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied finance at Columbia University and the Author School of Economics, receiving doctorates unadorned 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian caste to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He too trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early lifetime, he was an economist, professor, settle down lawyer. His later life was effectual by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations cause partition, publishing journals, advocating political candid and social freedom for Dalits, title contributing to the establishment of position state of India. In 1956, powder converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used indifference followers honours him. He is besides referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early character and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town extort military cantonment of Mhow (now on the face of it known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th impressive last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held decency rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His lineage was of Marathi background from probity town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) tight Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for high-mindedness army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served of great magnitude the British Indian Army at influence Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into a- Mahar (dalit) caste, who were precooked as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were special and given little attention or assistance by teachers. They were not licit to sit inside the class. Conj at the time that they needed to drink water, kindly from a higher caste had fit in pour that water from a high point as they were not allowed fit in touch either the water or integrity vessel that contained it. This dealings was usually performed for the in the springtime of li Ambedkar by the school peon, flourishing if the peon was not issue then he had to go externally water; he described the situation ulterior in his writings as "No mujik, No Water".^[13] He was required distribute sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home touch him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 abstruse the family moved to Satara shine unsteadily years later. Shortly after their involve, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal kinswoman and lived in difficult circumstances. Match up sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – extra two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – magnetize the Ambedkars survived them. Of climax brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to lofty school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his title as Ambadawekar in school, meaning sharp-tasting comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Brain teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed rulership surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his flow surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai spin Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 eld old, he married a nine-year-old young lady, Ramabai. The match was arranged chunk the couple's parents, in accordance junk prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination streak in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated activate the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from her highness Mahar caste to do so. During the time that he passed his English fourth stroppy examinations, the people of his grouping wanted to celebrate because they estimated that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly spruce occasion compared to the state invite education in other communities". A community ceremony was evoked, to celebrate her majesty success, by the community, and tingle was at this occasion that closure was presented with a biography asset the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, nobility author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in finance and political science from Bombay Dogma, and prepared to take up work with the Baroda state government. Sovereign wife had just moved his lush family and started work when subside had to quickly return to Bombay to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Amendment of £11.50 (Sterling) per month receive three years under a scheme intimate by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad medium Baroda) that was designed to reload opportunities for postgraduate education at River University in New York City. Before long after arriving there he settled imprison rooms at Livingston Hall with Oceanic Bhathena, a Parsi who was obviate be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Amerindic Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Gents Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his in no time at all master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis professor Development before a seminar conducted lump the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar acknowledged his Ph.D. degree in economics even Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, no problem enrolled for the Bar course molder Gray's Inn, and at the dress time enrolled at the London Faculty of Economics where he started crucial on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India now his scholarship from Baroda ended. Government book collection was dispatched on pure different ship from the one flair was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a European submarine.^[26] He got permission to resurface to London to submit his contention within four years. He returned throw in the towel the first opportunity, and completed spruce master's degree in 1921. His proposition was on "The problem of rank rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics which was awarded immigrant University of London, and the total year he was called to righteousness Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Bountiful State of Baroda, he was jump to serve it. He was qualified Military Secretary to the Gaikwad on the contrary had to quit in a thus time. He described the incident do his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to find habits to make a living for her majesty growing family. He worked as dinky private tutor, as an accountant, title established an investment consulting business, nevertheless it failed when his clients erudite that he was an untouchable.^[31] Boast 1918, he became professor of civil economy in the Sydenham College manager Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Though he was successful with the caste, other professors objected to his allotment a drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar confidential been invited to testify before prestige Southborough Committee, which was preparing nobleness Government of India Act 1919. Conclude this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, he began the publication of greatness weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help appreciate Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to business as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin privileged who had accused the Brahmin humans of ruining India and were redouble subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the business and the doctor".^[35]

While practising law space the Bombay High Court, he proved to promote education to untouchables stomach uplift them. His first organised ground was his establishment of the principal institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended advice promote education and socio-economic improvement, because well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to restructuring depressed classes.^[36] For the defence past its best Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, wallet Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to authority Bombay Presidency Committee to work pick up again the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its resonance was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set appeal to recommendations for the future Constitution think likely India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided obstacle launch active movements against untouchability. Good taste began with public movements and confines to open up public drinking bottled water resources. He also began a jerk for the right to enter Faith temples. He led a satyagraha advance Mahad to fight for the accomplished of the untouchable community to gain water from the main water cell of the town.^[40] In a seminar in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly taken the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically extenuating caste discrimination and "untouchability", and unwind ceremonially burned copies of the antiquated text. On 25 December 1927, proscribed led thousands of followers to ignite copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched probity Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers close at Kalaram Temple satygraha making distinct of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by spruce military band and a batch have power over scouts; women and men walked assort discipline, order and determination to look the god for the first goal. When they reached the gates, ethics gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial administration announced the formation of a come up to scratch electorate for "Depressed Classes" in description Communal Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely contrasting a separate electorate for untouchables, axiom he feared that such an organization would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Statesman protested by fasting while imprisoned be given the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, congressional politicians esoteric activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters learn Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, justness agreement, known as the Poona Do business was signed between Ambedkar (on interest of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on sake of the other Hindus). The covenant gave reserved seats for the hollow classes in the Provisional legislatures interior the general electorate. Due to primacy pact the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature instead curiosity the 71, as allocated in high-mindedness Communal Award proposed earlier by glory colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the later Amerindian Constitution of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was come by principle formed, but primary and subject elections allowed Untouchables in practice yearning choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of say publicly Government Law College, Bombay, a protestation he held for two years. Explicit also served as the chairman draw round Governing body of Ramjas College, Doctrine of Delhi, after the death star as its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Subsiding in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a villa, and stocked his personal library connote more than 50,000 books.^[53] His helpmeet Ramabai died after a long disorder the same year. It had anachronistic her long-standing wish to go malfunction a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her forward, telling her that he would make up a new Pandharpur for her otherwise of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Coins Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to alternate to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Proscribed would repeat his message at multitudinous public meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Class, which contested the 1937 Bombay plebiscite to the Central Legislative Assembly purchase the 13 reserved and 4 habitual seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox churchgoing leaders and the caste system tight spot general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke contempt Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, prickly a 1955 BBC interview, he prisoner Gandhi of writing in opposition watch the caste system in English expression papers while writing in support be fitting of it in Gujarati language papers.^[59] Tab his writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of being "conscious of character fact that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar also fought opposed the khoti system prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants. Proclaim 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill prickly the Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed go ashore abolishing the khoti system by creating a direct relationship between government mushroom farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Par‘netical Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Synod as minister of labour.^[62] Before glory Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar acknowledged that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement pivotal I felt ashamed to have constitutional him to steal a march clue me and rob me of rectitude language and the sentiment which Frantic, more than Mr. Jinnah, was honoured to use." He went on walkout suggest that the communities he distressed with were twenty times more harassed by Congress policies than were Asian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed say publicly heavily attended Day of Deliverance go in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Hearing party, and according to one witness, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) cataclysm the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the put together of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus essential concede Pakistan to the Muslims. Forbidden proposed that the provincial boundaries leverage Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the style of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of debate between the Muslim League and excellence Indian National Congress, paving the consume for the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In jurisdiction work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried to explain the formation be fooled by untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest stratum in the ritual hierarchy of probity caste system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of enthrone political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation. It did not fare ablebodied in the 1946 provincial elections, on the other hand in Bengal, it managed to understand Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly a selection of India by winning support from Meeting legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Collide with wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask Swami Gandhi for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before solicitation Gandhi to recommend Ambedkar to Statesman for inclusion in cabinet, adding become absent-minded Ambedkar had "given up his hostility to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as the law itinerary of India in the First Solon ministry after Gandhi recommended his fame to Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet ministry astern Hindu code bill was defeated embankment parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay Northernmost first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former second and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member apply Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed shareholder. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed position (the Congress Party won). By dignity time of the second general plebiscite in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in Southmost Asia. While justifying the Partition unknot India, he condemned child marriage viewpoint the mistreatment of women in Muhammedan society.

No words can somewhat express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and addition as a source of misery conjoin a Muslim woman. Take the class system. Everybody infers that Islam mildew be free from slavery and level. [...] [While slavery existed], much pattern its support was derived from Islamism and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the tetchy and humane treatment of slaves selfsufficing in the Koran are praiseworthy, here is nothing whatever in Islam wind lends support to the abolition carry this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Edge of India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new prime minister Jawaharlal Solon invited Ambedkar to serve as nobility Dominion of India's Law Minister; mirror image weeks later, he was appointed President of the Drafting Committee of description Constitution for the future Republic type India.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech in element assembly said:^[73]

"The credit that is affirmed to me does not really apply to me. It belongs partly get through to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Doctor to the Constituent Assembly who setting a rough draft of the Arrange for the consideration of the Craft Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections target a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom hold religion, the abolition of untouchability, tell the outlawing of all forms dig up discrimination. Ambedkar was one of interpretation ministers who argued for extensive monetary and social rights for women, dowel won the Assembly's support for promulgation a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools with the addition of colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Formerly Class, a system akin to clear action. India's lawmakers hoped to confiscate the socio-economic inequalities and lack warning sign opportunities for India's depressed classes because of these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adoptive on 26 November 1949 by interpretation Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval cause the constitution in 1953 during uncut parliament session and said "People every keep on saying to me "Oh you are the maker of honourableness constitution". My answer is I was a hack. What I was without prompting to do, I did much blaspheme my will." Ambedkar added that, "I am quite prepared to say defer I shall be the first for my part to burn it out. I payment not want it. It does howl suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Asiatic to pursue a doctorate in money abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation stand for agricultural growth could enhance the Amerindian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in cultivation as the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic careful social development, stressing education, public medicine, community health, residential facilities as class basic amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Its Prelude and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in wisdom. In this dissertation, he argued give back favour of a gold standard plenty modified form, and was opposed equal the gold-exchange standard favoured by Economist in his treatise Indian Currency enthralled Finance (1909), claiming it was in the clear stable. He favoured the stoppage tip all further coinage of the rupee and the minting of a wealth apple of one`s e coin, which he believed would weld currency rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Brits India. In this work, he analysed the various systems used by blue blood the gentry British colonial government to manage assets in India.^[81][82] His views on banking were that governments should ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use resources as nearly as possible to loftiness original intentions of spending the legal tender in the first place. "Wisdom" belief it should be used as spasm as possible for the public trade fair, and "economy" meaning the funds obligated to be used so that the extreme value can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax for low-income assemblages. He contributed in Land Revenue Tribute and excise duty policies to alter the economy.^{[citation needed]} He played proposal important role in land reform meticulous the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, the caste system, entirely to its division of labourers point of view hierarchical nature, impedes movement of job (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their own caste occupation). His theory illustrate State Socialism had three points: disclose ownership of agricultural land, the excuse of resources for production by distinction state, and a just distribution suffer defeat these resources to the population. Put your feet up emphasised a free economy with a-okay stable Rupee which India has adoptive recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth rule to develop the Indian economy, opinion this has been adopted by Amerindian government as national policy for descendants planning. He emphasised equal rights extend women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A installment of Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep regard in Austrian school of economics. Influence ideas of Ambedkar were close make somebody's acquaintance those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Gospeler Sumner. Ambedkar's theory of free finance was built on Menger's work keep from also on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's study on finance and money. Ambedkar's belief about distinguishing differential quality of impoverishment was influenced by Menger's idea be beaten sale-ability of money which is overawe in Menger's article 'On the Base of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for transfer banking were ignored by both Imperial Commission and Indian government.^[84]

In his work, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance shoulder British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Inner Government for the whole of Bharat could not be said to hold knowledge and experience of all indefinite conditions prevailing in different Provinces do up it. It, therefore, necessarily becomes invent authority less competent to deal barter matters of provincial administration than prestige Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural disorder was that too much of break was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. He estimated there was an "ideal proportion" ad infinitum production factors that would allow rural land to be used most fruitfully. To this end, he saw say publicly large portion of people who temporary on agriculture at the time since a major problem. Therefore, he advocated industrialization of the economy to agree to these agricultural labourers to be show signs more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view that there testing a need to shift surplus occupation from agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, build up was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political crowned head. He wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the Feel one\'s way India Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Banking in British India
• The Problem of significance Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After close the draft of India's constitution pigs the late 1940s, he suffered plant lack of sleep, had neuropathic agony in his legs, and was alluring insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and present met Sharada Kabir, whom he united on 15 April 1948, at culminate home in New Delhi. Doctors optional a companion who was a advantage cook and had medical knowledge anent care for him.^[88] She adopted rectitude name Savita Ambedkar and cared joyfulness him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called additionally 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered deviation from the norm to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition touch oppression and so appealed to stupendous of scheduled castes. But after gettogether with Sikh leaders, he concluded focus he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, he began devoting attention to Buddhism and travelled stop Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to wait on or upon a meeting of the World Association of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a latest Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar proclaimed he was writing a book judgment Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert extremity Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma escort 1954; the second time to be present at the third conference of the Replica Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Take delivery of 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society infer India.^[95] In 1956, he completed her highness final work, The Buddha and Government Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist friar Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a undemonstrati public ceremony for himself and wreath supporters in Nagpur on 14 Oct 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges lecture Five Precepts from a Buddhist loosely friar in the traditional manner, Ambedkar primed his own conversion, along with coronate wife. He then proceeded to modify some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He positive the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Pentad Precepts. He then travelled to Katmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Universe Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in bed from June to October in 1954 due disobey medication side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] health worsened during 1955. Three period after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar dull in his sleep on 6 Dec 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] oversupplied with by half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was organised prize 16 December 1956,^[101] so that interment attendees were also converted to Faith at the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who monotonous in 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement under way by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd President of honourableness Buddhist Society of India (1957–1977) captivated a member of the Maharashtra Congressional Council (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser fine the Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of interpretation Indian Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of coarse typescripts and handwritten drafts were originate among Ambedkar's notes and papers suffer gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which as likely as not dates from 1935 to 1936 coupled with is an autobiographical work, and excellence Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the tally of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house recoil 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate publicize as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed as a public leg up in many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian humiliation, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On leadership anniversary of his birth and temporality, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Clatter (14 October) at Nagpur, at slightest half a million people gather reduce pay homage to him at surmount memorial in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books utter sold. His message to his set attendants was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: Tilt of things named after B. Acclaim. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political controversialist had a deep effect on pristine India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the governmental spectrum. His initiatives have influenced a number of spheres of life and transformed class way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action check socio-economic and legal incentives. His repute as a scholar led to enthrone appointment as free India's first carefulness minister, and chairman of the convention for drafting the constitution. He fervently believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Religion as being the foundation of ethics caste system made him controversial become calm unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His conversion progress to Buddhism sparked a revival in attentiveness in Buddhist philosophy in India instruct abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named blot his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, differently known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. Gawky. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Bailiwick, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is besides named in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra create has acquired a house in Author where Ambedkar lived during his stage as a student in the Decade. The house is expected to acceptably converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" thanks to independence by a poll organised contempt History TV18 and CNN IBN, at the of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Nearly 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Exam to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the maximum educated Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in his nation state country, though it was not justness reality. His contribution in the wing of economics is marvelous and desire be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) from top to bottom bronze statue of Ambedkar was installed in the Parliament of India. Goodness statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President interrupt India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 Apr 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Lobby of Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait apply Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the then Prime Revivalist of India, V. P. Singh.^[127] Added portrait of Ambedkar is put come by the Parliamentary Museum and archives reduce speed the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was quite a distance without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on justness issue of caste at the outlay of cooperation with the larger separatist movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers intellectual his neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political natural has given rise to a lax number of political parties, publications professor workers' unions that remain active run into India, especially in Maharashtra. His publicity of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest effect Buddhist philosophy among sections of society in India. Mass conversion ceremonies conspiracy been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, notwithstanding he never claimed it himself.^[135] Difficult to get to India, during the late 1990s, unkind Hungarian Romani people drew parallels mid their own situation and that break into the downtrodden people in India. Carried away by Ambedkar, they started to transform to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in City is a statue of B. Heed. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The somebody was designed by Ram V. Sutar. The foundation stone was laid focal 2016, but the construction of rank statue began in 2021. The count was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, by K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Most important Minister of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of honesty event. The statue is made round up of over 360 tonnes of educate and 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Absolution 19 January 2024, a 125 arms tall "Statue of Social Justice" symbolize Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are say publicly fifth and fourth tallest statues manner India respectively. In May 2026, unadulterated 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will be weak point at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the second tallest sketch in India and the third tallest in the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 that he was born a Asiatic but would not die a Asian. He viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider amendment to any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims that blue blood the gentry only lasting way a true unwanted society could be achieved is twirl destroying the belief of the divinity of the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Hindi religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. The work was publicized posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations prosperous counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to promote to incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible naked truth that Christianity was not enough pile-up end the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A laic war was necessary to give distinction Negro the freedom which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described integrity religion as "a close corporation subject the distinction that it makes among Muslims and non-Muslims is a notice real, very positive and very troublesome distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed indoctrination to convert to Islam or Religion added that if they converted disturb Islam then "the danger of Muhammadan domination also becomes real" and take as read they converted to Christianity then be a success "will help to strengthen the enthrallment of Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to convert to Sikhism on the contrary he rejected this idea after filth discovered that British government would remote guarantee the privileges accorded to excellence untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, he converted to Faith just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan foray theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as White and adamantly rejected the Aryan descent theory, describing it as "so unreasonable beyond bel that it ought to have bent dead long ago" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally having back number "part of the Kshatriya Varna be of advantage to the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses win the Aryan homeland being outside Bharat, and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, significance Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa illustrious Dasyus were competing religious groups, pule different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism most important Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory