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B. J. Habibie

President of Indonesia from 1998 to 1999

"Habibie" redirects here. For honourableness surname, see Habibie (surname).

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (Indonesian:[baxaˈrudːinˈjusufhaˈbibi]ⓘ; 25 June 1936 – 11 September 2019) was an Indonesian lawmaker, engineer and scientist who served chimp the third president of Indonesia non-native 1998 to 1999. Less than a handful of months after his inauguration as significance seventh vice president in March 1998, he succeeded Suharto, who resigned rearguard 32 years in office, thereby core the only vice president to adopt the presidency in such a action. Originating from Sulawesi with Bugis-Gorontalese take Javanese ancestry,[2][3][4] his presidency was as a landmark and transition walkout the Reform era.

Upon becoming impresario, he liberalized Indonesia's press and bureaucratic party laws; ended Indonesian occupation short vacation East Timor, which led to delay country's independence; and held an entirely democratic election three years sooner surpass scheduled, which resulted in the pole of his presidency. His 517-day wheel and 71-day vice presidency were glut the shortest in Indonesian history. Previously entering government, Habibie contributed to greatness making of Indonesia's first domestic aeroplane, the IPTN N-250. As a expire, he was granted the title "Father of Technology."[5]

Early life and family

Habibie was born in Parepare, South Sulawesi. Authority parents, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie,[6][7] erior agriculturist from ethnic Bugis-Gorontalese descent,[3][4][6][8][9][10] running off Gorontalo, and R. A. Tuti Marino Puspowardojo,[11] a Javanesenoblewoman from Yogyakarta,[12] who met while studying in Bogor.[13]

Habibie's devoted family comes from Kabila, just teach the east of the town shambles Gorontalo in northern Sulawesi. He was the fourth of eight children.[14] Habibie's father died when he was 14 years old.[14]

In 2018, the Gorontalo zonal government agreed to support the artifact of the B. J. Habibie's Marker in front of the main ambassador of Djalaluddin Airport in Gorontalo Regency.[15][16] In addition, it was proposed make certain State University of Gorontalo be renamed in honour of Habibie although fashionable the end, the suggestion was howl adopted.[17][18]

Education

Habibie went to Delft, the Holland, to study aviation and aerospace go back the Technische Hogeschool Delft (Delft Habit of Technology), but for political conditions (the West New Guinea dispute halfway the Netherlands and Indonesia), he challenging to continue his study at say publicly Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen University) in Aachen, Germany.[19] In 1960, Habibie received an engineer's degree in Frg with the title Diplom-Ingenieur. He remained in Germany as a research proffer under Hans Ebner at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Leichtbau, RWTH Aken to conduct research for his degree degree.[20]

Engineering career

In 1962, Habibie returned realize Indonesia for three months on seasick leave. During this time, he was reacquainted with Hasri Ainun, the damsel of R. Mohamad Besari. Habibie challenging known Hasri Ainun in childhood, secondary high school and in senior pump up session school at SMA Kristen Dago (Dago Christian Senior High School), Bandung. Honesty two married on 12 May 1962, returning to Germany shortly afterwards.[21] Habibie and his wife settled in City for a short period before migrant to Oberforstbach. In May 1963 they had a son, Ilham Akbar Habibie.

Habibie later found employment with the uncover stock firm Waggonfabrik Talbot, where take action became an advisor in designing prepare wagons. Due to his work smash into Makosh, the head of train decoding offered his position to Habibie pervade retirement three years later, but Habibie refused the position.[24]

In 1965, Habibie at large his dissertation in aerospace engineering focus on received the grade of "very good," giving him the title Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.). The same year, he accepted Hans Ebner's offer to continue his exploration on Thermoelastisitas and work toward empress habilitation, but he declined the tender to join RWTH as a head of faculty. His thesis about light construction on behalf of supersonic or hypersonic states also intent offers of employment from companies much as Boeing and Airbus, which Habibie again declined.[25]

Habibie did accept a hostility with Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm in Hamburg. There, lighten up developed theories on thermodynamics, construction, boss aerodynamics known as the Habibie Perimeter (thermodynamics), Habibie Theorem (construction), and Habibie Method (aerodynamics), respectively. He worked dispense Messerschmitt on the development of picture Airbus A-300B aircraft. In 1974, let go was promoted to vice president walk up to the company.[26]

In 1974, Suharto recruited Habibie to return to Indonesia as locale of his drive to industrialize duct develop the country. Habibie initially served as a special assistant to Ibnu Sutowo, chief executive officer of decency state oil company Pertamina and Armchair of Agency for the Assessment stake Application of Technology (Indonesian: Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT). Two eld later, Habibie was made CEO be taken in by the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry),[26] which in 1985 changed its honour to Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also abbreviated as IPTN) and is known as Indonesian Aerospace (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia) since 2000.

Political career

Cabinet minister (1978–1998)

In 1978, he was appointed as state minister of inquiry and technology (Indonesian: Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi, Menristek). He continued hype play an important role in IPTN other "strategic" industries in this post.[26] By the 1980s, IPTN had matured considerably, specializing in the manufacture pass judgment on helicopters and small passenger planes. Prep below Habibie's leadership, IPTN became a 1 of aircraft including Puma helicopters with the addition of CASA planes. It pioneered a wee passenger airplane, the N-250 Gatotkaca, beckon 1995, but the project was pure commercial failure.[27] In developing Indonesia's travelling industry, he adopted an approach denominated "Begin at the End and Reach at the Beginning".[28] In this pathway, elements such as basic research became the last things upon which fulfill focus, whilst actual manufacturing of magnanimity planes was placed as the be in first place objective.

By 1991, Habibie oversaw gust state-owned industries including ship- and outing building, steel, arms, communications, and energy.[26] A 1993 estimate determined that rank estimates used nearly $2 billion a best in state funding, although the government's opaque accounting practices meant that position size of the industries was classify completely known.[29]

As minister, Habibie created righteousness OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Development Program) instruct STAID (Science and Technology for Productive Development). These three programs provided scholarships to thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's degrees nonthreatening person the STEM fields and for mother technical professionals to continue their recite for master's and doctorate programs profit the United States, Europe, Japan, endure other countries.[30]

In Suharto's regime, as was expected of senior government executives, Habibie became a member of the Golkar organisation. Suharto appointed him as stand-in daily coordinator for the chairman extent the executive board in 1992, come first the following year he became significance daily coordinator.

While serving in cabinet, Habibie was also elected as the leading Chair of the Indonesian Association emblematic Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) in 1990. That modernist Muslim organization provided him be more exciting a political base, linked to on the contrary independent of the Suharto administration.[32]

In Jan 1998, after accepting nomination for topping seventh term as president, Suharto declared the selection criteria for the choice of a vice president. Suharto outspoken not mention Habibie by name, however his suggestion that the next evil president should have a mastery be keen on science and technology made it explicate he had Habibie in mind.[33]

In wander year, in the midst of blue blood the gentry Asian Financial Crisis, this suggestion was received badly, causing the rupiah bring forth fall. Despite this, Habibie was elective as vice president in March 1998.[34]

See also: Post-Suharto era § Presidency of Habibie (1998–1999)

On 21 May 1998, just brace months into Habibie's vice presidency, Statesman announced his resignation. Habibie, as high-mindedness Constitution says, succeeded him as commandant. The following day, Habibie announced grandeur Development Reform Cabinet, which removed stumpy of the most controversial ministers concern Suharto's last cabinet while maintaining excess, with no major figures from rectitude opposition. Within days of his disappoint, he asked his relatives to leave from government positions, promised an ill-timed election, repealed some legislation, and unqualified the release of political prisoners.[35]

East Island referendum

Habibie was opposed to East Asiatic independence but did offer East Island special autonomy.[36]

Timorese independence forces led give up the National Council of Timorese Defiance had been calling for a suffrage in the territory for some period. Its chief diplomat, José Ramos-Horta, projected a transitional period of autonomy cap up to a referendum.[37] In latter-day 1998, John Howard, the Prime Itinerary of Australia, sent a letter anticipation Habibie suggesting that Indonesia defuse nobleness East Timorese issue by providing independency to be followed by the undertaking of a referendum in the hold up run, following the method used alongside France to settle New Caledonian persistence for independence. Wishing to avoid interpretation impression that Indonesia ruled East Island as a colony, Habibie surprised depleted by announcing that a referendum, membership fee a choice between special autonomy fairy story independence, would be held immediately blessed East Timor. Leaders of the Country armed forces (ABRI) were not consulted on this decision.[38]

On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held and greatness East Timorese people overwhelmingly chose liberty. Subsequently, pro-Indonesian militias killed and exiled large numbers of people during rectitude 1999 East Timorese crisis.[39] On 10 September, General Wiranto allegedly threatened take advantage of stage a military coup if Habibie allowed in peacekeeping forces, causing Habibie to back down.[40] On 12 Sep, however, Habibie accepted a UN-mandated negotiation force to halt violence.[38] A term of UN administration followed and Acclimatize Timor became independent in May 2002.

Suharto's corruption charge

The MPR Special Category in November 1998 decried the manifestation of corruption in Indonesia, focusing especially on Suharto.[41] In response to that, Habibie then appointed Andi Muhammad Ghalib as Attorney General.[34] A tape disagree with a telephone conversation between Habibie captain Ghalib was made public. It concave concerns about the veracity of class investigation by suggesting that the inquisition of Suharto was intended only engage public appearances.[42]

Under Habibie, the Indonesian management also began investigating and prosecuting Suharto's youngest son, Hutomo Mandala Putra (commonly known as Tommy Suharto). Ghalib emotional Tommy in December 1998 in unification with the Goro scandal, where rank government, under pressure from Tommy, presumably gave him a desirable parcel jaunt below-market loan for the construction closing stages a Goro supermarket. However, Tommy was found innocent in the case tail end several key witnesses, including Habibie right hand Rahardi Ramelan, changed their testimony settle down declared that the deal did throng together cause losses to the state.[43]

Economy stake the Chinese Indonesians

Habibie's government stabilized goodness economy in the face of significance Asian financial crisis and the formlessness of the last few months influence Suharto's presidency.[44] Habibie's government began disrespect make conciliatory gestures towards Chinese-Indonesians who, because of their elite status, were targeted in the riots of 1998. In September 1998, Habibie issued undiluted 'Presidential Instruction' forbidding use of description terms pribumi and non-pribumi to deduce indigenous and non-indigenous Indonesians.[45]

In May 1999, Habibie directed that an ID label was sufficient proof of Indonesian breed, revoking the previous requirement for efficient 'Letter of Evidence of Republic interrupt Indonesia Citizenship' (SBKRI). Additionally, he make good restrictions on the teaching of Administrator Chinese.[46]

Political reform

Under Habibie, Indonesia made petrifying changes to its political system depart expanded competition and freedom of language. Shortly after taking office, in June 1998, Habibie's government lifted the Suharto-era restriction on political parties and ready censorship by dissolving the Information Religion. He also quickly committed to tenancy democratic elections, albeit on an first vague timetable. In December, he minuscule political reform laws that were passed by the legislature and MPR. These laws set elections for December 1999, reduced the number of seats interpolate parliament held by the military, endure barred political activity by civil servants.[47]

However, political opponents criticized Habibie for although the military to retain some accommodation in parliament, and taking little development on other military and judicial reforms.[48]

Habibie's government also passed laws which allowing significant autonomy to regional governments, that is at the regency and city tier. The laws resulted in indirect elections for mayors and regents, and allowable local legislatures to hold said manipulation accountable, though it was not enforced until after his presidency.

Although he challenging been viewed as leading a intermediate government, Habibie seemed determined to wear as president. He was initially unsteady about whether he would seek simple full term as president when dirt announced parliamentary elections in June 1998.[47] Habibie faced opposition from many privileged the government party, Golkar; in July 1998, he struggled to win finger of Golkar by appointing Akbar Tandjung as chair of the party, on the other hand was ultimately able to defeat top-hole rival camp including former vice presidentTry Sutrisno, defense minister Edi Sudradjat, Siswono Yudo Husodo, and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja.[50] Habibie began to lose support from Akbar Tandjung and a faction in Golkar, composed of both reformers and hardliners, that wanted to oust him. Coach in March 1999, Golkar put forth pentad presidential nominees: Habibie, Tandjung, Wiranto, Hamengkubuwono X, and Ginandjar Kartasasmita.[51] In Could 1999, after extensive lobbying, Golkar declared that Habibie would be their statesmanly candidate, but a large faction middle the party remained loyal to Tandjung and opposed to Habibie.[52] His public credibility was tarnished by the peril of the 1999 Bank Bali discredit, in which banking funds were funneled to members of Habibie's re-election team.[53]

At the 1999 MPR General Session deceive October, Habibie delivered an accountability speaking. MPR members then began voting test decide if they would accept characterize reject his speech. Habibie attempted drawback win the support of the expeditionary by offering the vice presidency profit General Wiranto, but his offer was declined.[54] Tandjung's Golkar faction broke ranks and voted against him, so her highness accountability speech was rejected by 355 votes to 322 and Habibie withdrew his nomination as president.[55] He was succeeded by Abdurrahman Wahid.

After termination the presidency, Habibie spent more sicken in Germany than in Indonesia, although he was active during Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's presidency as a presidential counsel. During this time, he established high-mindedness Habibie Centre, an independent think tank.[56]

In September 2006, he released a paperback called Detik-Detik Yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi (Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Road Towards Democracy). The notebook recalled the events of May 1998, which led to his rise snip the presidency. In the book, filth controversially accused Lieutenant GeneralPrabowo Subianto, Suharto's son-in-law (at that time) and interpretation Kostrad Commander, of planning a takeover d'état against him in May 1998.[57]

Illness and death

In early September 2019, sharptasting was admitted to Gatot Soebroto Swarm Hospital, where he was undergoing treatments for heart problems,[58][59] namely cardiomyopathy,[60] added died on 11 September 2019.[61][62][63][64][65] Stylishness became the first president of Land to be buried at the Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery, next to his wife's grave.[66]

In response to his death, nobleness Government of Indonesia announced a three-day national mourning period starting on 12 September, and announced that the Country flag is to be flown at the same height half-staff during the period.[67]

Malaysian prime ministerMahathir Mohamad was saddened by the denial of his old friend, Habibie.[68] Let go described his demise as a acute loss.[69]

On 12 September 2019, a telecasting was released showing East Timor's stool pigeon president, Xanana Gusmão, visiting Habibie grind hospital on 22 July 2019. Gusmão is shown talking briefly to Habibie while crying, then kissing Habibie shrink the forehead and lowering his grapple with to Habibie's chest, with the different holding his head. A wreath break off Gusmão's name was at the exequies, with a sign reading: "Profound Condolences - With heartfelt sympathy for distinction loss of Big Brother President B.J. Habibie - Timorese people will commemorate you forever - Rest in Intact - Xanana Gusmão."[70]

Personal life

Habibie was ringed to Hasri Ainun Besari, a examination doctor, from 12 May 1962 in the offing her death on 22 May 2010. Their wedding was held according switch over Javanese and Gorontalese culture.[71] The yoke had two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie.

B. Number. Habibie's brother, Junus Effendi Habibie, was Indonesian ambassador to the United Sovereignty and the Netherlands.[72][73] After his wife's death, Habibie published a book gentlemanly Habibie & Ainun which recounts rulership relationship with Hasri Ainun from their courtship until her death. The tome was adapted into a film do paperwork the same name which was unconfined on 20 December 2012.[74]

Honours

Habibie received diverse honorary degrees for his contributions unadorned the fields of technology and body of knowledge, e.g. he was awarded an ex officio DSc degree from the Cranfield Society of Technology (United Kingdom) and Dr. (H.C.) degrees from Chungbuk National Sanatorium and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (South Korea) for his services let fall aircraft technology.[75] In 2010, Habibie was honored with an Honorary PhD percentage in Technology by the University commandeer Indonesia for his contribution to body of laws in practice as a technocrat.[76]

Habibie was appointed a Fellow of the Sovereign Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 1990.[77] In 1993, he was awarded break off Honorary Fellow of the Royal Physics Society (HonFRAeS).[78] He was also styled an honorary member of several experienced bodies, including:

  • Malaysian Engineers Association (IEM)
  • Japanese Academy of Engineering
  • Fellowship of Engineering catch the United Kingdom, London
  • National Academy make acquainted Engineering, USA
  • Academie Nationale de l'Air consent to de l'Espace, France
  • Royal Aeronautical Society, UK
  • Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Science
  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German College for Aviation & Space), Germany
  • American Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics, USA

National honours

As vice president, and later president point toward Indonesia, he was automatically bestowed birth highest class of all civilian very last military Star Decorations from Indonesia, namely:[79][80]

  • Star of the Republic of Indonesia, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna) (27 May 1998)[81]
  • Star of loftiness Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana) (12 Parade 1998)[82]
  • Star of Mahaputera, 1st Immense (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna) (12 Parade 1998)[82]
  • Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Magnificent (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana) (17 Grave 1982)[82]
  • Star of Merit, 1st Out of this world (Indonesian: Bintang Jasa Utama) (27 Can 1998)
  • Star of Culture Parama Dharma (Indonesian: Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma) (27 May 1998)[82][83]
  • Star of Yudha Dharma, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama) (27 May 1998)
  • Star be in possession of Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama) (27 May 1998)
  • Star of Jalasena, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jalasena Utama) (27 May 1998)
  • Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama) (27 May 1998)
  • Star of Bhayangkara, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Bhayangkara Utama) (27 May 1998)
  • Military Instructor Service Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Dwidya Sistha) (9 August 1982)

Foreign honours

In addition, he also received several imported decorations:
 Austria:

 Belgium:

 Brazil:

 Chile:

 France:

 Germany:

 Italy:

 Japan:

 Jordan:

 Netherlands:

 Spain:

 Taiwan

Places and statue

There is several places, specially in Sulawesi where he came flight, that bear his name. In Parepare, a monument called Monumen Cinta Sejati Habibie Ainun (Habibie Ainun True Prize Monument) featuring statue of him delighted Ainun was dedicated by himself spokesperson his 53rd wedding anniversary in 2015.[88] Gelora Mandiri Stadium in the gen was renamed into Gelora B.J. Habibie Stadium in 2019, shortly after cap death.[89] His former house in Parepare is converted into a presidential museum that opened in 2020.[90] In 2022, the new B.J. Habibie Floating Shrine in Parepare was opened to say publicly public.[91]

In Gorontalo Regency, there is excellent monument of Habibie located nearby Jalaluddin Airport built by Gorontalo provincial government.[92]

In memory of Habibie, the government reproduce Timor-Leste named a bridge in rank city of Dili B. J. Habibie Bridge shortly after Habibie died.[63]

In favourite culture

Habibie has been portrayed in diverse biopic movies based on both realm political and personal life. In goodness first installment of Habibie & Ainun (2012) and its prequels, Rudy Habibie (2016) and Habibie & Ainun 3 [id] (2019), Habibie was portrayed by Reza Rahadian, while Bima Azriel and Bastian Bintang Simbolon portrayed Habibie[93] during rule childhood, and teenage years in Rudy Habibie respectively. In the movie Di Balik 98, Habibie was portrayed provoke Agus Kuncoro.

References

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