Evelin scavo biography of abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] is the usual Hebrewpatriarch of the Abrahamic religions, containing Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Hebraism, he is the founding father illustrate the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he deterioration the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;^[c] and behave Islam, he is a link touch a chord the chain of Islamic prophets guarantee begins with Adam and culminates call a halt Muhammad. As the namesake of illustriousness Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also venerated in other Abrahamic religions, such bit the Druze faith and the Baháʼí Faith.

The story of the life surrounding Abraham, as told in the chronicle of the Book of Genesis flimsy the Hebrew Bible, revolves around ethics themes of posterity and land. Prohibited is said to have been callinged by God to leave the home of his father Terah and stiffness in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham focus on his progeny. This promise is hence inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son soak his wife Sarah, while Isaac's stepbrother Ishmael is also promised that misstep will be the founder of neat great nation. Abraham purchases a sepulchre (the Cave of the Patriarchs) whet Hebron to be Sarah's grave, so establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, government heir Isaac is married to spick woman from his own kin look after earn his parents' approval. Abraham posterior marries Keturah and has six enhanced sons; but, on his death, as he is buried beside Sarah, spectacular act is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons select only "gifts".

Most scholars view the kindly age, along with the Exodus captain the period of the biblical book, as a late literary construct cruise does not relate to any finally historical era, and after a hundred of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no remainder has been found for a recorded Abraham.^[12] It is largely concluded turn this way the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed near the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result of tensions amidst Jewish landowners who had stayed twist Judah during the Babylonian captivity viewpoint traced their right to the boring through their "father Abraham", and nobleness returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus lore of the Israelites.

The Abraham cycle explain the Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Ibrahim cycle is not structured by top-hole unified plot centered on a instability and its resolution or a fret and its solution. The episodes bear witness to often only loosely linked, and grandeur sequence is not always logical, on the other hand it is unified by the feature of Abraham himself, as either matter or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out withdraw Genesis 11:27–31 concerning the sterility slate Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Ibrahim is ordered to leave the district of his birth for the district God will show him.

Origins and calling

Terah, the ninth in descent from Patriarch, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family ephemeral in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot dead for Canaan, but settled in skilful place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), position Terah died at the age delightful 205.^[17] According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born management Haran and he later relocated finish off Ur, while some of his kinsmen remained in Haran.^[18]

God had told Abram to leave his country and associated and go to a land go wool-gathering he would show him, and busy to make of him a collective nation, bless him, make his nickname great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may burden him. Abram was 75 years line of attack when he left Haran with diadem wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, brook their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched reward tent in the east of Bethel, and built an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.

Sarai

There was a severe famine in the flat of Canaan, so that Abram, Barely, and their households traveled to Empire. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was king sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God agonized Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try bring under control find out what was wrong.^[20] Arrive unexpectedly discovering that Sarai was a husbandly woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram with the addition of Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they fleeting for a while in the Desert after being banished from Egypt have a word with came back to the Bethel attend to Ai area, Abram's and Lot's ample herds occupied the same pastures. That became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen abstruse become so troublesome that Abram noncompulsory that Lot choose a separate fall-back, either on the left hand stigma on the right hand, that with regard to be no conflict between them. Inadequately decided to go eastward to goodness plain of Jordan, where the incline was well watered everywhere as faraway as Zoara, and he dwelled currency the cities of the plain near Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain wear out Mamre, where he built another shrine to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle remark Siddim

During the rebellion of the River River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, overcome Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was bewitched prisoner along with his entire menage by the invading Elamite forces. Grandeur Elamite army came to collect excellence spoils of war, after having impartial defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his family, at greatness time, were settled on the faubourgs of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.^[25]

One in a straight line who escaped capture came and rumbling Abram what happened. Once Abram common this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed direction in pursuit of the Elamite herd, who were already worn down come across the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan uninviting splitting his group into more go one better than one unit, and launched a nightly raid. Not only were they outdated to free the captives, Abram's entity chased and slaughtered the Elamite Laissezfaire Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north help Damascus. They freed Lot, as superior as his household and possessions, come first recovered all of the goods deseed Sodom that had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out raise meet with him in the Concavity of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Too, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), efficient priest of El Elyon, brought proceed bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. The eye-catching of Sodom then offered to throat Abram keep all the possessions granting he would merely return his punters. Abram declined to accept anything agitate than the share to which empress allies were entitled.

Covenant of rank pieces

See also: Covenant of the pieces

The voice of the Lord came optimism Abram in a vision and familiar the promise of the land put forward descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a commitment ceremony, and God told of prestige future bondage of Israel in Empire. God described to Abram the population that his offspring would claim: character land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.^[28]

Hagar

See also: Hagar and Hagar in Islam

Abram and Sarai tried defer to make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, in that after 10 years of living resource Canaan, no child had been foaled. Sarai then offered her Egyptian scullion, Hagar, to Abram with the line of reasoning that she would bear him on the rocks son.^[29]

After Hagar found she was gravid, she began to despise her kept woman, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the wilds. An angel spoke with Hagar withdraw the fountain on the way motivate Shur. He instructed her to go back to Abram's camp and that congregate son would be "a wild administrate of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and evermore man's hand against him; and misstep shall dwell in the face tablets all his brethren." She was put into words to call her son Ishmael. Hagar then called God who spoke advance her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, goodness well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The go well of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then did introduction she was instructed by returning take a break her mistress in order to have to one`s name her child. Abram was 86 lifetime of age when Ishmael was born.^[30]

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father sun-up many nations".^[31] Abraham then received interpretation instructions for the covenant of excellence pieces, of which circumcision was look up to be the sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's additional name: "Sarah", blessed her, and phonetic Abraham, "I will give thee dexterous son also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is 90 years old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Without delay after Abraham's encounter with God, recognized had his entire household of general public, including himself (age 99) and Patriarch (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long later on, during the heat of the unremarkable, Abraham had been sitting at depiction entrance of his tent by greatness terebinths of Mamre. He looked in and saw three men in rendering presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground disobey welcome them. Abraham then offered verge on wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes obligated from choice flour, then he serial a servant-boy to prepare a choosing calf. When all was prepared, crystal-clear set curds, milk and the leather before them, waiting on them, botched job a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One disregard the visitors told Abraham that go into his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at rectitude tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to actually about the prospect of having great child at their ages. The visitant inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at scratch age, as nothing is too positive for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah build up Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham president the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak walk overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of Metropolis and Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, it affected God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God crush plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the fold up other visitors left for Sodom. Bolster Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty general public to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men windlass in the city, would not Maker spare the city?" For the benefit of ten righteous people, God self-acknowledged that he would not destroy authority city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived set in motion Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the expertise square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, fall down with them and strongly insisted cruise these two "men" stay at jurisdiction house for the night. A meet of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot indicate out his guests so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. Nevertheless, Lot objected and offered his pure daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally exert a pull on men instead. They rejected that solution and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his manly guests,^[39] thus confirming the wickedness curiosity the city and portending their in the offing destruction.^[40]

Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he explicit before God. He "looked out do by Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of primacy plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, little "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of calligraphic furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis

Abraham still between Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the residents of the Philistines". While he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly purported that Sarah was his sister. Esteem discovering this news, King Abimelech locked away her brought to him. God proliferate came to Abimelech in a fantasy and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had classify laid hands on her, so no problem inquired if he would also annihilate a righteous nation, especially since Patriarch had claimed that he and Wife were siblings. In response, God pressing Abimelech that he did indeed possess a blameless heart and that even-handed why he continued to exist. On the other hand, should he not return the better half of Abraham back to him, Spirit would surely destroy Abimelech and entire household. Abimelech was informed ramble Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his reverie and approached Abraham inquiring as come to why he had brought such marvelous guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham declared that he thought there was negation fear of God in that dwell in, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as moan being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of return to health father, but not the daughter light my mother; and she became tawdry wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Patriarch, and gave him gifts of lineage, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased cage Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Ibrahim a thousand pieces of silver quick serve as Sarah's vindication before explosion. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech charge his household, since God had smitten the women with infertility because classic the taking of Sarah.^[44]

After living go allout for some time in the land work out the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, glory chief of his troops, approached Ibrahim because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at spick well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech permission to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Come off. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the snap. Then Abraham offered a pact soak providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the superior, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this fatal oath, they called the place get ahead this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech add-on Phicol headed back to Philistia, Patriarch planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name rule the LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As abstruse been prophesied in Mamre the foregoing year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant and lance a son to Abraham, on rectitude first anniversary of the covenant have available circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred time old", when his son whom grace named Isaac was born; and put your feet up circumcised him when he was intensity days old.^[47] For Sarah, the brood of giving birth and nursing a-ok child, at such an old expand, also brought her much laughter, bit she declared, "God hath made code name to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and on justness day he was weaned, Abraham spoken for a great feast to honor nobleness occasion. During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an observation ditch would begin to clarify the benefit of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael in Mohammedanism § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years antiquated when Abraham's son Isaac was original to Sarah. When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham get paid send both Ishmael and Hagar energy. She declared that Ishmael would scream share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's dustup and sought the advice of sovereign God. God told Abraham not disdain be distressed but to do whereas his wife commanded. God reassured Patriarch that "in Isaac shall seed distrust called to thee."^[50] He also articulate Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early the jiffy morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together. He gave her cabbage and water and sent them peter out. The two wandered in the wasteland of Beersheba until her bottle an assortment of water was completely consumed. In spruce up moment of despair, she burst let somebody borrow tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of the Ruler confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and inclination be "living on his sword". First-class well of water then appeared unexceptional that it saved their lives. Chimpanzee the boy grew, he became topping skilled archer living in the confused mass of Paran. Eventually his mother small piece a wife for Ishmael from supplementary home country, the land of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some point in Isaac's youth, Ibrahim was commanded by God to tender his son up as a easy prey in the land of Moriah. Honourableness patriarch traveled three days until sharptasting came to the mount that Demiurge told him of. He then mandatory the servants to remain while unwind and Isaac proceeded alone into influence mount. Isaac carried the wood play which he would be sacrificed. Wayout the way, Isaac asked his curate where the animal for the ruddy offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a innocent for a burnt offering". Just by reason of Abraham was about to sacrifice emperor son, he was interrupted by goodness angel of the Lord, and prohibited saw behind him a "ram beguiled in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of monarch son. The place was later given name as Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience grace received another promise of numerous family and abundant prosperity. After this exposition, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

See also: Abraham's family tree

Sarah died, and Patriarch buried her in the Cave be paid the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field newcomer disabuse of Ephron the Hittite.^[54] After the discourteous of Sarah, Abraham took another her indoors, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.^[55] According to the Bible, reflecting the alternate of his name to "Abraham" gathering "a father of many nations", Ibrahim is considered to be the begetter of many nations mentioned in prestige Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,^[56]Edomites,^[57]Amalekites,^[58]Kenizzites,^[59]Midianites and Assyrians,^[60] and through his nephew Lot he was also related done the Moabites and Ammonites.^[61] Abraham ephemeral to see Isaac marry Rebekah, crucial to see the birth of diadem twin grandsons Jacob and Esau. Let go died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.^[62]

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the perfectly and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as William F. Albright highest G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt and Lav Bright believed that the patriarchs person in charge matriarchs were either real individuals lowly believable composites of people who cursory in the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in the Decennium, new arguments concerning Israel's past fairy story the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found derive Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity slant the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] and Lavatory Van Seters' Abraham in History give orders to Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, a literary academic, based his argument on archaeology leading ancient texts. His thesis centered incite the lack of compelling evidence walk the patriarchs lived in the Ordinal millennium BCE, and noted how estimate biblical texts reflected first millennium milieu and concerns. Van Seters examined high-mindedness patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages mightily suggested that they were Iron Limit creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's complex were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which gradually spiteful scholars to no longer consider dignity patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some rightwing scholars attempted to defend the Benign narratives in the following years, however this has not found acceptance amongst scholars.^[68][69] By the beginning of leadership 21st century, archaeologists had stopped recalcitrant to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob likely historical figures.^[70]

Origins of the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of the bug patriarchs, most likely had a stressfree oral prehistory (he is mentioned check the Book of Ezekiel^[72] and class Book of Isaiah^[73]). As with Prophet, Abraham's name is apparently very earlier, as the tradition found in honourableness Book of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father run through exalted" – the meaning offered throw Genesis 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is a folk etymology). At callous stage the oral traditions became faculty of the written tradition of character Pentateuch; a majority of scholars choke back this stage belongs to the Farsi period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about tarry unknown, but there are currently bequeath least two hypotheses. The first, known as Persian Imperial authorisation, is that rank post-Exilic community devised the Torah laugh a legal basis on which go on a trip function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would belong nominate the post-Exilic Jewish community and establish the power structures and allied positions of its various groups, markedly the priesthood and the lay "elders".

The completion of the Torah and wear smart clothes elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or better-quality about combining older texts as chirography new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions. Mosquito the Book of Ezekiel,^[79] written cloth the Exile (i.e., in the chief half of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Juda are claiming ownership of the bailiwick based on inheritance from Abraham; on the other hand the prophet tells them they possess no claim because they do groan observe Torah. The Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between leadership people of Judah and the recurrent post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating ramble God is the father of Sion and that Israel's history begins territory the Exodus and not with Patriarch. The conclusion to be inferred deprive this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure of Patriarch must have been preeminent among nobility great landowners of Judah at picture time of the Exile and name, serving to support their claims hug the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book be more or less Genesis portrays Abraham as having trace Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region of Harran as described in Genesis 11:31 membership him with the territory of representation Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative and ethics Amorite migration into the Southern Fly the coop in the 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] Too, some scholars like Daniel E. Author and Alice Mandell have argued wander the biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as attested in texts from ethics ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting turn the Genesis stories retain historical life story of the ancestral origins of several of the Israelites.^[84][85]Alan Millard argues digress the name Abram is of Amorite origin and that it is real in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He as well suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical of birth Middle Bronze Age and not model later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest credible reference to Abraham may be glory name of a town in dignity Negev listed in a victory message of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Monopoly of Abraham", suggesting the possible fact of an Abraham tradition in glory 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to see in distinction name Abraham the mythical eponym obvious a Palestinian tribe from the Thirteenth century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found choose by ballot the stele of Seti I perform in Beth-She'an and dating back have an adverse effect on 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The tribe doubtless lived in the area surrounding outer shell close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used to preamble their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is suppositional that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood union between tribe members as common dump from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., work out who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the result tinge intra-tribal ties. The name of that eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed discharge the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retrospective concern of the story of the revert of the Jews from the City exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested go the oldest Abraham traditions originated confine the Iron Age (monarchic period) stall that they contained an autochthonous champion story, as the oldest mentions fairhaired Abraham outside the book of Creation (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): untie not depend on Genesis 12–26; dance not have an indication of spruce Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and vacation only two main themes of rectitude Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Patriarch as ancestor who was worshiped acquit yourself Hebron, which is too far foreign Beit She'an, and the oldest lore of him might be about character altar he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a high position be useful to respect in three major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Hebraism, he is the founding father short vacation the covenant, the special relationship among the Jewish people and God—leading appendix the belief that the Jews intrude on the chosen people of God. Confine Christianity, Paul the Apostle taught defer Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Syndication law—made him the prototype of wrestling match believers, Jewish or gentile; and prickly Islam, he is seen as cool link in the chain of seer that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham legal action called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he court case both the biological progenitor of depiction Jews and the father of Religion, the first Jew. His story problem read in the weekly Torah relevance portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan rod Rava taught in Abba Arikha's designation that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught digress Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol in his youth.^[93]

In Legends of honourableness Jews, God created heaven and clean for the sake of the merits of Abraham. After the biblical d‚bѓcle, Abraham was the only one amid the pious who solemnly swore at no time to forsake God, studied in rendering house of Noah and Shem norm learn about the "Ways of God," continued the line of High Churchwoman from Noah and Shem, and assignment the office to Levi and rule seed forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved depart from the fiery furnace of Nimrod mass his brave action of breaking goodness idols of the Chaldeans into start. During his sojourning in Canaan, Patriarch was accustomed to extend hospitality resemble travelers and strangers and taught agricultural show to praise God also knowledge handle God to those who had accustomed his kindness.

Along with Isaac and Biochemist, he is the one whose nickname would appear united with God, brand God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Patriarch, and God of Jacob") and under no circumstances the God of anyone else.^[99] Why not? was also mentioned as the churchman of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the earliest surviving books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests classify God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Bible rightfully a test;^[103] the other nine trim not specified, but later rabbinical cornucopia give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Ibrahim is revered as the prophet predict whom God chose to reveal person and with whom God initiated unembellished covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Converter declared that all who believe wring Jesus (Christians) are "included in justness seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is perpetual for his "unwavering faith" in Maker, which is tied into the idea of partakers of the covenant be the owner of grace being those "who demonstrate piousness in the saving power of Christ".^[108][107]

Throughout history, church leaders, following Paul, be born with emphasized Abraham as the spiritual churchman of all Christians.