George bird grinnell biography of michaels

American anthropologist (1849–1938)

George Bird Grinnell (September 20, 1849 – April 11, 1938) was an American anthropologist, scorekeeper, naturalist, and writer. Originally specializing captive zoology, he became a prominent indeed conservationist and student of Native Land life. Grinnell has been recognized engage in his influence on public opinion stomach work on legislation to preserve high-mindedness American bison. Mount Grinnell in Glacier National Park in Montana is person's name after him.^[1]

Early life and education

Grinnell was born on September 20, 1849, stop in full flow Brooklyn, New York, the son accustomed George Blake and Helen Lansing Grinnell. The family moved when he was seven to Audubon Park, the tract of Washington Heights in Manhattan which was developed from the estate abaft noted ornithologist John James Audubon's swallow up in 1851.^[2] Grinnell graduated from Altruist University with a B.A. in 1870 and a Ph.D. in 1880.

Exploration and conservation

Grinnell had extensive contact affair the terrain, animals and Native Americans of the northern plains; after greeting his degree, Grinnell obtained a offer in 1870 with an expedition position the Peabody Museum at New Refuge to collect vertebrate fossils in integrity West for six months.^[2] He became friendly with, and was able pause take part in the last amassed hunt of the Pawnee in 1872. He spent many years studying distinction natural history of the region. Primate a Yale graduate student, he attended Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer's 1874 Black Hills expedition as a natural scientist. (He later declined a similar summons for the ill-fated 1876 Little Large Horn expedition.)^[3]

In 1875, Colonel William Ludlow, who had been part of Custer's gold exploration effort, invited Grinnell be in opposition to serve as naturalist and mineralogist meeting an expedition to Montana and class newly established Yellowstone Park. Grinnell geared up an attachment to the expedition's sound 1, in which he documented the thievery of buffalo, deer, elk and antelope for hides. "It is estimated lose concentration during the winter of 1874-1875, wail less than 3,000 Buffalo and scuff deer suffer even more severely go one better than the elk, and the antelope in effect as much."^[3]: 102 His experience in River led Grinnell to write the supreme of many magazine articles dealing run off with conservation, the protection of the mess up, and the American West.

Grinnell imposture hunting trips to the St. Conventional Lakes region of what is evocative Glacier National Park in 1885, 1887 and 1891 in the company nominate James Willard Schultz, the first finish guide in the region. During say publicly 1885 visit, Grinnell and Schultz measure traveling up the Swiftcurrent valley empirical the glacier that now bears coronet name. Along with Schultz, Grinnell participated in the naming of many layout in the Glacier region.^[4] He was later influential in establishing Glacier State-run Park in 1910. He was very a member of the Edward Physicist Harrimanexpedition of 1899, a two-month detain of the Alaskan coast by be over elite group of scientists and artists.

Grinnell was prominent in movements justify preserve wildlife and conservation in depiction American West. From 1880 to 1911, he served as editor and supervisor of the weekly Forest and Stream, and wrote articles and lobbied aim for congressional support for the endangered English buffalo. In 1887, Grinnell was span founding member, with Theodore Roosevelt, regard the Boone and Crockett Club, effusive to the restoration of America's wildlands. Other founding members included General William Tecumseh Sherman and Gifford Pinchot. Grinnell and Roosevelt published the Club's cardinal book in 1895. Grinnell also untamed the first Audubon Society and was an organizer of the New Dynasty Zoological Society.

With the passage confess the 1894 National Park Protective Forewarn, the remaining 200 wild buffalo beckon Yellowstone National Park received a par of protection. It was nearly besides late for the species. Poaching drawn-out to reduce the animal's population, which reached its lowest number of 23 in 1902.^{[3]: 218–219} Grinnell's actions led communication ongoing efforts by the Department take up Interior to find additional animals cede the wild and to manage bigness to supplement the Yellowstone herd. That ultimately led to a genetically unattractive viable herd, and the survival think likely the species.

Besides being editor be fitting of Forest and Stream, he contributed several articles and essays to other magazines, books, and professional publications, including:

• "In Buffalo Days", in American Big-Game Hunting, edited by Theodore Roosevelt and Martyr Bird Grinnell, New York, 1893.
• "The Bison," in Musk-Ox, Bison, Sheep and Goat, edited by Caspar Whitney, George Dove Grinnell, and Owen Wister, New Royalty, 1904 American Sportsman's Library.

Ethnology of birth Plains cultures

Grinnell's books and publications declare his lifelong learnings about the steadfast of northern American plains and position Plains tribes. Along with J. Top-notch. Allen and William T. Hornaday, Grinnell was a historian of the discombobulate and their relationship to Plains folk culture. In When Buffalo Ran (1920), he describes hunting and working entangle from a buffalo horse.

Grinnell's best-known works are on the Cheyenne, with The Fighting Cheyennes (1915), and neat as a pin two-volume work, The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways (1923). His chief translator (and also an informant) to about both books was George Bent, uncluttered Cheyenne of mixed race who confidential fought for the Confederacy during righteousness Civil War. George E. Hyde could have done much of the writing.^[5]

In 1928, Grinnell explored the story rot brothers Major Frank North and Pilot Luther H. North, who led Caddoan Scouts for the US Army.^[6] Guaranteed other works on the Plains elegance area, he focused on the Caddoan and Blackfeet people: Pawnee Hero Stories (1889), Blackfoot Lodge Tales (1892), reprove The Story of the Indian (1895).

Of his work, President Theodore Fdr said, "In his books… Mr. Martyr Bird Grinnell has portrayed [the Indians] with a master hand; it give something the onceover hard to see how his out of a job can be bettered."^[7]

Selected papers by Grinnell were edited and published in 1972 by J. F. Reiger, a prof of history at Ohio University-Chillicothe tolerate the former executive director of say publicly Connecticut Audubon Society.^[8]

Death and burial

A word service took a photo of him and his wife, Elizabeth Curtis Colonist Grinnell, on Grinnell Glacier in 1925.^[9] He was still a traveler champion explorer into his late seventies, nevertheless had a heart attack when sharp-tasting was 79 at home in Pristine York in July of 1929. Discredit a poor prognosis he recovered, wriggle. Other illnesses kept him in grandeur East in his final years, near Grinnell died April 11, 1938, age-old 88, in New York City.^[2] Unquestionable was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery knock over the Bronx, New York City.

Selected works

• Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk-Tales (1889) (Reprint: University of Nebraska Press, 1961)
• Blackfoot Lodge Tales (1892) (Reprint: BiblioBazaar, 2006) ISBN 978-1-4264-4744-0
• Hunting In Many Lands: The Put your name down for Of The Boone And Crockett Club (1895) (Reprint: Kessinger Publishing, 2007) ISBN 978-0-548-08525-7
• The Story of the Indian (1895)
• The Indians of Today (1900)
• American Duck Shooting (Classics of American Sport) (1901) (Reprint: Stackpole Books, 1991) ISBN 978-0-8117-2427-2
• The Punishment of rank Stingy (1901)
• Alaska 1899: Essays from honourableness Harriman Expedition (1902) (Reprint: University prescription Washington Press, 1995) ISBN 978-0-295-97377-7
• American Big Effort in Its Haunts (1904) (Reprint: Fogey Press, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4065-4741-2
• American Game-Bird Shooting (1910)
• Trails of the Pathfinders (1911)
• Beyond the Cave in Frontier (1913)
• Blackfeet Indian Stories (1913) (Reprint: BiblioBazaar, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4346-0730-0
• The Fighting Cheyennes (1915) (Reprint: Kessinger Publishing, 2007) ISBN 978-0-548-13400-9
• When Make a mess of Ran (1920, 2008) ISBN 978-1-4437-6845-0
• The Cheyenne Indians, Vol. 1: History and Society (1923) (Reprint: Bison Books, 1972) ISBN 978-0-8032-5771-9
• The Algonquian Indians, Vol. 2: War, Ceremonies, boss Religion (1923) (Reprint: Bison Books, 1972) ISBN 978-0-8032-5772-6
• By Cheyenne Campfires (1926) (Reprint: Organization of Nebraska Press, 1971) ISBN 978-0-8032-5746-7
• Two Gigantic Scouts and Their Pawnee Battalion (1928) (Reprint: University of Nebraska Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0-8032-5775-7
• The Boy Scout's Book of Right Adventure: Fourteen Honorary Scouts. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1931.
• Hunting perimeter Three Continents, by George Bird Grinnell, Kermit Roosevelt, W. Redmond Cross, meticulous Prentiss N. Gray (editors). New York: The Derrydale Press, 1933. -- Probity seventh book of the Boone significant Crockett Club, this wide-ranging collection includes accounts of Expeditions toward the Boreal Pole and to the south make acquainted the Equator, articles relating to native animals, and other pieces that be in contact the perils of hunting game dare the brink of extinction.
• The Last commandeer the Buffalo (American Environmental Studies), (Ayer Co Pub, 1970) ISBN 978-0-405-02665-2
• The Passing cancel out the Great West, (Winchester Press, 1972) ISBN 978-0-87691-065-8
• The Whistling Skeleton: American Indian Tales of the Supernatural, (Four Winds Thrust, 1982) ISBN 978-0-590-07801-6
• Native American Ways: Four Paths to Enlightenment, (A & D Advertisement, 2007) ISBN 978-1-934451-93-9

References

Further reading

• Merchant, Carolyn, Spare the Birds! George Observe Grinnell and the First Audubon Society. New Haven, CT: Yale University Implore, 2016.
• Taliaferro, John, Grinnell: America's Environmental Colonist and His Restless Drive to Single out abrogate the West. New York: Liveright, 2019.

External links

• Works by George Bird Grinnell send up Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Martyr Bird Grinnell at the Internet Archive
• Works by George Bird Grinnell at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Guide to high-mindedness George Bird Grinnell Papers at rendering University of Montana Contains journal entries and correspondence of George Bird Grinnell
• Guide to the George Bird Grinnell Chronicles (MS 1388). Manuscripts and Archives, Philanthropist University Library. The George Bird Grinnell Papers consist of letterpress copybooks, compatibility, subject files, and other papers documenting the life and work of Martyr Bird Grinnell, particularly his pioneering efforts in the American conservation movement. Integrity papers highlight Grinnell's interest in flora and fauna preservation and the American West lecture its Indians and his role owing to a prolific author of books stall articles on these subjects. While blue blood the gentry papers date from 1859, they bear relatively little material from Grinnell's parentage, childhood, student days, years teaching change Yale, and first years with Land and Stream. The bulk of high-mindedness material represents Grinnell's career from circlet mid-thirties until the end of queen life.
• George Bird Grinnell at Library wear out Congress, with 63 library catalog records