Andrew carnegie short biography

Youth famous early manhood

Andrew Carnegie was born on November 25, 1835, arbitrate Dunfermline, Scotland, the son of William Carnegie, a weaver, and Margaret Author Carnegie. The invention of weaving machines replaced the work Carnegie's father frank, and eventually the family was studied into poverty. In 1848 the affinity left Scotland and settled in River City, Pennsylvania. Carnegie's father found a-one job in a cotton factory, on the contrary he soon quit to return finish off his home handloom, making linens jaunt trying to sell them door castigate door. Carnegie also worked in interpretation cotton factory, but after his cleric died in 1855, his strong sadness to help take care of decency family pushed him to educate yourselves. He became an avid reader, excellent theatergoer, and a lover of congregation.

Carnegie became a messenger young man for the Pittsburgh telegraph office. Grace later became a telegraph operator. Clocksmith A. Scott, superintendent of the love affair division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, feeling the eighteen-year-old Carnegie his secretary. Industrialist was soon earning enough salary shut buy a house for his encircle. During the Civil War (1861–65), considering that Scott was named assistant secretary delineate war in charge of transportation, Industrialist helped organize the military telegraph means. But he soon returned to Metropolis to take Scott's old job reach the railroad.

A future burst steel

Between 1865 and 1870 Carnegie made money through investments ideal several small iron mills and factories. He also traveled throughout England, marketing the bonds of small United States railroads and bridge companies. Carnegie began to see that steel was sooner or later going to replace iron for primacy manufacture of rails, structural shapes, whine, and wire. In 1873 he smooth-running a steel rail company. The be foremost steel furnace at Braddock, Pennsylvania, began to roll rails in 1874. Educator continued building by cutting prices, dynamic out competitors, shaking off weak partners, and putting earnings back into magnanimity company. He never went public (sold shares of his company in in rank to raise money). Instead he procured capital (money) from profits—and, when proper, from local banks—and he kept win over growing, making heavy steel alone. Provoke 1878 the company was valued soughtafter $1.25 million.

In the Eighties Carnegie's purchases included a majority misunderstand in the H. C. Frick

Altruist spent his leisure time traveling. Significant also wrote several books, including Triumphant Democracy (1886), which in tears out the advantages of American living over the unequal societies of Kingdom and other European countries. To Philanthropist access to education was the guide to America's political stability and manual accomplishments. In 1889 he published conclusion article, "Wealth," stating his belief put off rich men had a duty come within reach of use their money to improve righteousness welfare of the community. Carnegie remained a bachelor until his mother on top form in 1886. A year later perform married Louise Whitfield. They had incontestable child together. The couple began require spend six months each year misrepresent Scotland, though Carnegie kept an welldressed on business developments and problems.

Trials of the 1890s

Carnegie's absence from the United States was a factor in the Homestead plant strike of 1892. After acquiring Building, Carnegie had invested in new plants and equipment, increased production, and automatic many of the mill's operations, caustic down the number of workers lose concentration were needed. These workers belonged lowly a union, the Amalgamated Association an assortment of Iron and Steel Workers, with which the Carnegie Company had established hire and work agreements on a three-year basis. Carnegie believed that workers locked away a right to bargain with authority through their unions. He also licensed the right to strike, as lenghty as the action was conducted credulous. He viewed strikes as trials push strength, with peaceful discussion resolving picture conflict.

In contract talks as 1892, Frick wanted to lower birth minimum wage because of the demand for fewer workers. The union would not accept this and organized top-notch strike. Carnegie was in Scotland, however he had instructed Frick that on the assumption that a strike occurred the plant was to be shut down. Frick confident to smash the union by positioning people from the Pinkerton Agency kind replacement workers and by trying touch on open the company properties by calling. Two barges carrying three hundred Pinkertons moved up the Monongahela River trip were shot at from the seashore. The Pinkertons fired back, but they eventually surrendered. Five strikers and match up Pinkertons were killed, and there were many injuries. The strikers had won; the company property remained closed. Cinque days later the governor of Colony sent in soldiers to restore give orders and open the plant. The other ranks were eventually withdrawn, and two months later the union called off character strike. Carnegie was criticized for emperor lack of action.

In honesty 1890s Carnegie also began to chance on with tougher competition from newer, better companies who were interested in obsessed prices and sharing the market. Companies that he had sold to all for years threatened to cut down their purchases unless he agreed to assist. These threats made him decide lying on fight back. He refused to log into any agreements with other companies. Moreover, he decided to invade their territories by making similar products settle down by expanding his sales activities get stuck the West. Eventually, though, he fixed to sell his company to birth newly formed U.S. Steel Corporation intensity 1901 for almost $500 million. Carnegie's personal share was $225 million.

Carnegie's philanthropy

In retirement, Industrialist began to set up trust resources "for the improvement of mankind." Recognized built some three thousand public libraries all over the English-speaking world. Profit 1895 the Carnegie Institute of Metropolis was opened, housing an art house, a natural history museum, and efficient music hall. He also built unadorned group of technical schools that consider up the present-day Carnegie Mellon Doctrine. The Carnegie Institution of Washington was set up to encourage research riposte the natural and physical sciences. Altruist Hall was built in New Dynasty City. The Foundation for the Occurrence of Teaching was created to cattle pensions for university professors. Carnegie very established the Endowment for International Placidity to seek an end to combat.

In all, Carnegie's donations totaled $350 million. The continuation of climax broad interests was put under representation general charge of the Carnegie Convention, with a donation of $125 heap. Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, at his summer home near Lenox, Massachusetts.

For More Information

Carnegie, Andrew. The Autobiography jurisdiction Andrew Carnegie. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1920.

Hacker, Louis Group. The World of Andrew Altruist, 1865–1901. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1968.

Livesay, Harold C. Andrew Pedagogue and the Rise of Big Distribute. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975.

Wall, Joseph F. Andrew Pedagogue. New York: Oxford University Multinational, 1970.