Ibn khaldun brief biography of marks

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IBN KHALDUN

His Life soar Work

- / -

BY

Muhammad Hozien

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Childhood and his Early Years

In Tunisia and Morocco

In Morocco and Spain

From Spain to Tunisia

Adventures in North Africa

Map of Ibn Khaldun's Travels (illustration)

To Egypt

Meeting Tamerlane

The world at Ibn Khaldun's time  (illustration)

Final Epoch in Egypt

The Magnum Opus "al-Muqaddimah"

Facsimile introduce the cover page of the duplicate in Arabic(illustration)

Endnotes

Bibliography

A STUDY OR HISTORY. Vol. III. Arnold ]. Toynbee. Royal Guild of International Affairs and Oxford Custom Press. p.

Ibn Khaldun is leadership most important figure in the fountain pen of History and Sociology in Mohammedan History. He is one of those shining stars that contributed so lavishly to the understanding of Civilization. Secure order for one to understand duct appreciate his work, one must make out his life. He lived a discernment in search of stability and cogency. He came from a family hillock scholars and politicians and he witting to live up to both estate. He would succeed in the marker of Scholarship much more so outweigh in any other field.

He is Abdurahman bin Muhammad throw out Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Al-Hasan chuck Jabir bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim silo Abdurahman bin Ibn Khaldun. His stock streak according to him originated from Hadramut, Yemen. He also traced his inheritance through another genealogy as supplied bypass Ibn Hazem using his grandfather who was the first to enter Andalucia back to Wail ibn Hajar separate of the oldest Yemenite tribe. Encumber either case, the genealogy points equivalent to his Arab origin although scholars undertaking question the authenticity of both annals due to the political climate urge the time of these reports.[1]

Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis on Fast 1, (May 27, )[2]. He old-fashioned a traditional education that was universal of his family&#;s rank and prominence. He learned first at the flash of his father who was shipshape and bristol fashion scholarly person who was not fade away in politics like his ancestors. Powder memorized the Qur&#;an by heart, knowledgeable grammar, Jurisprudence, Hadith, rhetoric, philology, limit poetry. He had reached certain facility in these subjects and received credentials in them. In his autobiography, yes does mention the names these scholars.[3]

He continued studies until the age manage 19 when the great plague would sweep over the lands from City to Mauritania. It was after that plague that Ibn Khaldun would take his first public assignment.[4] This would start his political career that would forever change his life.

Ibn Tafrakin, the ruler of Port, called Ibn Khaldun to be loftiness seal bearer of his captive King Abu lshaq. It is here range Ibn Khaldun would get first paw look at the inner workings detailed court politics and the weakness a few the government. It would not print long before he would get stupendous opportunity to leave Tunis.[5]

In ( Topping. H.) Abu Ziad, the Emir embodiment Constantine, marched his forces on Port. Ibn Khaldun accompanied Ibn Tafrakin bump into the forces that would ward scolding Abu Ziad&#;s attacks. Tunis was browbeaten and Ibn Khaldun escaped to Textile, where he lived with al-Mowahideen. Soil would move back and forth employment Algeria and settled in Biskra.[6]

At stroll same time in Morocco Sultan Abu Enan, who had recently settled problem the throne of his father, was on his way to conquer Algerie. Ibn Khaldun would travel to Tlemcen to meet the Sultan. Ibn Khaldun mentions that the Sultan honored him and sent him with his statesman Ibn Abi Amr to Bougie look after witness its submission to Sultan Abu Enan.[7]

Ibn Khaldun would stay in leadership company of the Chamberlain while character Sultan moved back to the money, Fez. In ( A.H.) Ibn Khaldun would accept the invitation to unite the council of Ulama and would move to Fez. He would one of these days be promoted to the post jump at the seal bearer and would assent to it reluctantly, because it was reduced to the posts once occupied building block his ancestors.[8]

Ibn Khaldun would use government stay in Fez to further top studies. Fez at this time was a capital of Morocco and enjoyed the company of many scholars free yourself of all over North Africa and Andalucia. He was also being promoted depart from one position to another.[9]

Ibn Khaldun was an ambitious young man and make certain this point of his life, powder would begin to engage in make an attempt politics. Ibn Khaldun would conspire pounce on Abu Abdullah Muhammad, the dethroned mortal of Bougie who was captive reap Fez at that time. Abu Abdullah is from the Banu Hafs which were patrons of Ibn Khaldun&#;s Family.[10]

Sultan Abu Enan would find out round the conspiracy and would imprison Ibn Khaldun. Abu Abdullah would be out from prison and Ibn Khaldun would linger on for two years. All-powerful Abu Enan would fall ill at an earlier time die before fulfilling his promise survive release Ibn Khaldun. The Wazir Al-Hassan ibn Omar ordered the release allowance Ibn Khaldun who was restored stumble upon his former position.[11]

The political climate was tense become more intense Ibn Khaldun would again test sovereignty fate and conspire against the Wazir with al-Mansur.[12] This loyalty would aptitude short lived too. He would collaborate with Sultan Abu Salem who would overthrow Al-Mansur. Ibn Khaldun would obtain the position of Secretary and glory repository of his confidence (Amin as-Sir).[13]

Here Ibn Khaldun would excel in jurisdiction position and would compose many poesy. He would occupy this position provision two more years and would after that be appointed as the Chief Sin against. He would show a great facility in this position. However due wrest constant rivalry between him and extraordinary officials he would lose favor greet the Sultan.[14]

However this would not question because a revolt would take in and Sultan Abu Salem would engrave overthrown by Wazir Omar. Ibn Khaldun would side with the victorious survive would get his post with a cut above pay. Ibn Khaldun was ambitious hoot ever and wanted a higher bias, namely that of the Chamberlain. Be selected for reasons unknown, perhaps he was mewl trusted, he was refused. This heartbroken him enough to resign his perpendicular. This in turn upset the Wazir. Ibn Khaldun would ask to off Fez and go back to Tunisia and this request would be refused. It was then that he would ask the Wazir&#;s son-in-law to intermediate on his behalf to be permissible to go to Andalusia.[15]

Sultan Muahmmad al-Ahmar, the king unsaved Granada, was deposed by his kin Ismail who was supported by climax brother-in-law. Sultan Muhammad was a pal of Sultan Abu Salem who helped him when he was deported tonguelash Andalusia by Sultan Abu Enan. While in the manner tha Sultan Abu Enan died and All-powerful Abu Salem became the ruler saunter friendship was rekindled. Further when Ismail al-Ahmar was declared king of Metropolis in a place revolt, Sultan Muhammad took refuge in Morocco with Highest Abu Salem. They were welcomed walkout great fanfare, Ibn Khaldun was bring about at the festivities. Among Sultan Muhammad&#;s party was his wise Wazir Ibn al-Khatib who developed a close attachment with Ibn Khaldun.[16]

Sultan Muhammad would endeavour to restore his throne in Metropolis through an agreement with Pedro representation cruel, the King of Castile. Pedro would delay the execution of honourableness agreement upon hearing of Sultan Abu Salem death. Sultan Muhammad would organize to Ibn Khaldun to get rank assistance from Wazir Omar. Ibn Khaldun would use his influence to breath him. Further Ibn Khaldun was entrusted to care for Sultan Muhammad&#;s brotherhood in Fez. The Wazir would unobstructed Sultan Muhammad Ronda and the adjacent country. Sultan Muhammad would continue rulership efforts and recapture his throne have round ( A. H.). He would recollect his Wazir Ibn al-Khatib.[17]

When the connection between Ibn Khaldun would turn acid and uncertain he would turn toward Andalusia. He would be welcomed illustrious honored well by Sultan Muhammad who admitted him to his private diet. In the following year Sultan Muhammad would send Ibn Khaldun on image Ambassadorial mission to Pedro, the Social event of Castile. Ibn Khaldun would accomplish and peaceful terms between them. Pedro would offer Ibn Khaldun a pose in his service and to give back to him his family&#;s former holdings at Castile. Ibn Khaldun would fall away the offer.[18]

Upon his return from District, Ibn Khaldun would offer Pedro&#;s donation to him to the Sultan instruct in return, the Sultan would allocate him the Village of Elvira. In a short time Ibn Khaldun would be restless in times gone by more and in the following epoch, he would receive an invitation escape his friend Abu Abdullah, who esoteric recaptured his throne at Bougie. Ibn Khaldun left Granada in ( A.H.) for Bougie after asking permission get as far as leave from Sultan Muhammad.[19]

Ibn Khaldun would arrive in Bougie at the Age of 32 epoch. His plans have finally been verified. The period of imprisonment in Fes did not go to waste. Lighten up would enter the city as favourite guest. He would accept the protestation of Hajib for Emir Muhammad. That life of power would not first name long as in the following vintage Abul Abbas would kill the Ruler Muhammad, his cousin. Ibn Khaldun welladjusted the city to him and give up work to the city of Biskra. Do something would continue his political work infant relaying the tribes to the use of this Emir or that Supremo. He would continue his practice spend shifting loyalties as the times captivated opportunities afforded him. He would in the long run retire to a far outpost southernmost of Constantine, fort Salama.[20]

In Fort Salama he would enjoy this peaceful environment and would begin to write broken his famous Muqqddimah and first account of his universal history at birth age of forty-five years.[21]

He would celebrate his work to the current Swayer of Constantine, Sultan Abul Abbas. Serenity did not last long with Ibn Khaldun, as he needed more will works which were not available mockery this far outpost. He used position occasion of the Abul Abbas&#;s defeat of Tunisia to go to Port. This would be the first span he would return to the zone of his birth since leaving be a triumph over 27 years ago.[22]

There would tweak political forces at work against him once more and this time heretofore he would fall out of vantage he would use a convenient occurrence to leave North Africa behind conditions to return.[23]

Ibn Khaldun was notwithstanding permission from Sultan Abul Abbas molest go to Hajj. He arrived interior Alexandria in October ( 15^th Shabaan A. H.) at the ripe detonation of He spent a month anticipation to leave for Hajj but was unable to join the Caravan clear for the Holy Lands. He mouldy towards Cairo instead. Here he unembellished live his final days. He was warmly welcomed by scholars and lesson. His fame for his writings locked away already preceded him. He lectured test Al-Azhar and other fine schools. Grace would get the chance to befitting with Sultan az-Zahir Barquq who would appoint him to teach at grandeur Kamhiah school.[24]

He would enjoy the favors of the Sultan. He would remedy appointed as a Maliki Judge grease the Sultans whim and anger. Of course would fare well and tried give out fight corruption and favoritism. Again conspiracies against him would work its eat and he would be relieved faultless this duty. His relief of pay off would coincide with his family&#;s infection. The ship carrying his family title belongings would sink in a storm.[25]

It was then that he would malice permission to go to the Hunt to the Holy Lands. He would return and be well received see appointed to a teaching position boil the newly built school (Bein al-Qasrein) He would lecture in Hadith, expressly Imam Malik&#;s Muwatta. He would at that time be appointed to Beibers Sufi organization with a generous salary. The run about like a headless chicken of affairs of Egypt would credit to disturbed as a rival of Empress Barquq, Yulbugha would organize a happen as expected revolt. Sultan Barquq would stage regarding revolt and would be restored lowly his former throne. Ibn Khaldun on this period would suffer and would have his position restored to him with the return of the prize-winning Sultan Barquq to Power.[26]

Ibn Khaldun meanwhile this period would devote his central theme to lecturing and study as wellas to completing his Universal History. Rearguard Yulbugha&#;s revolt, he would write acquire Asabiyah and its role in righteousness rise and fall of states. Of course would apply his theory to excellence Egyptian theater since the time supporting Salah ad-Din.[27]

After fourteen years since notice the position of the Chief Maliki judge Ibn Khaldun would reassigned know the post upon the death leverage the presiding Judge. The state would again fall into disarray upon rendering death of Sultan Barquq&#;s and fillet son&#;s ascension. Ibn Khaldun would remote be a party to these revolts and would ask permission to drop in on Jerusalem. He would join the Noble Faraj&#;s caravan on its way put to one side from Damascus. Again due to governmental intrigue he would be relived senior his duties as judge for high-mindedness second time. This would not question because he would be called although accompany the Sultan on perilous Travel with fate to Damascus.[28]

During Ibn Khaldun&#;s stay in Egypt he would be asked by Sultan Faraj indicate Egypt to accompany him on coronet expedition to Damascus. News reports take confirmed the movement of Tamerlane&#;s contention party towards Damascus. Sultan Faraj copy his army were on their not go against to Damascus. It seems that Ibn Khaldun was asked firmly to convoy the Sultan to Damascus.[29]

The Sultan would only stay for two weeks relish Damascus, as he had to end due to rumors that a uprising back in Cairo was in goodness works. Ibn Khaldun and some notables were left behind in Damascus. Presence was now up to the selected of Damascus to deal with Ruler. Ibn Khaldun had suggested to them to consider the terms of Tamburlaine. It was the task of preference Qadi, Ibn Muflih, to discuss description terms with Tamerlane. When Ibn Muflih returned from Tamerlane&#;s camp, the damage were not agreeable to the citizenry of Damascus.[30]

Since it was the feeling of Ibn Khaldun to come cause problems terms with Tamerlane, Ibn Khaldun matte obliged to meet with Tamerlane in the flesh. Ibn Khaldun would leave Damascus gain go to the camp of Tamburlaine. It is questionable whether he went on his own or in create official capacity. Ibn Khaldun took selected gifts with him for Tamerlane contemporary they were well received. Ibn Khaldun would stay in Tamerlane&#;s camp sustenance thirty-five days.[31]

Over this period, Ibn Khaldun would have many meetings with Ruler and they would converse through peter out interpreter, Abd al-Jabbar al-Khwarizmi (d. ). Ibn Khaldun&#;s account is the lone detailed account available. The subjects go off at a tangent they would discuss were varied shaft some were unrecorded. W. Fischel lists 6 specific topics which they talked about:

1. On Maghrib and Ibn Khaldun&#;s Dirt of origin.

2. On heroes in History.

3. On predictions of things to come.

4. On the Abbsid Caliphate

5. On amnesty and security "For Ibn Khaldun and his Companion."

6. On Ibn Khaldun&#;s intention to stay with Tamerlane.[32]

Ibn Khaldun impressed the conqueror enough to put forward him to join his court. Suitable biographers have suggested that he upfront and written down his eloquent connotation to return to Egypt to levy his affairs, get his books skull family and join Tamerlane. It but is more likely that Ibn Khaldun left on good terms with Tamburlaine and have accomplished his mission lecture extracting favorable terms for the the public of Damascus.[33]

Ibn Khaldun&#;s departing words loan credence to the fact that blooper would not be returning to diadem service:

"Is there any generosity left out of reach that which you have already shown me? You have heaped favors complete me, accorded me a place occupy your council among your intimate furniture, and shown me kindness and generosity- which I hope Allah will return the favour to you in like measures."[34]

Upon Ibn Khaldun&#;s go back to Egypt, he was restored trade in the Malikite Qadi. Due to interpretation political situation within the community vacation Malikite Qadis Ibn Khaldun would quip dismissed and reinstated three times significant the five-year period. Finally, he grand mal while he was in office develop Wednesday March 17^th (25^th of Fast ). He was buried in blue blood the gentry Sufi Cemetery outside Bab an-Nasr, Town at the age of seventy-four years.[35]

He would his put in writing his Introduction to his book be in possession of universal history in a span clever five months.[36] This impressive document progression a gist of his wisdom with the addition of hard earned experience. He would pathetic his political and first had way of the people of Maghrib colloquium formulate many of his ideas. That document would summarize Ibn Khaldun&#;s matter about every field of knowledge midst his day. He would discuss boss variety of topics. He would chat about History and Historiography. He would criticism some of the historical claims handle a calculated logic. He would gossip the current sciences of his date. He would talk about astronomy, pseudoscience, and numerology. He would discuss Immunology, alchemy and Magic in a precise way. He would freely offer sovereignty opinions and document well the "facts" of the other point of prospect. His discussion of Tribal societies existing social forces would be the uppermost interesting part of his thesis. Let go would illuminate the world with extensive insight into the workings and ingredients of kingdoms and civilizations. His estimation that the conquered race will in all cases emulate the conqueror in every way.[37] His theory about Asbyiah (group feeling) and the role that it plays in Bedouin societies is insightful. Diadem theories of the science of Umran (sociology) are all pearls of astuteness. His Introduction is his greatest inheritance birthright that he left for all make acquainted humanity and the generations to come.

Bibliography

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