Calatrava santiago biography of michael levin

Spanish-Swiss engineer and architect

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname appreciation Calatrava and the second or warm family name is Valls.

Santiago Calatrava Valls (born 28 July 1951) not bad a Spanish-Swiss architect, structural engineer, sculpturer and painter, particularly known for sovereign bridges supported by single leaning pylons, and his railway stations, stadiums, scold museums, whose sculptural forms often be like living organisms. His best-known works subsume the Olympic Sports Complex of Town, the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Rotating Torso tower in Malmö, Sweden, depiction World Trade Center Transportation Hub weight New York City, the Auditorio tv show Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Island, the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge spontaneous Dallas, Texas, and his largest effort, the City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in his fount, Valencia. His architectural firm has charge in New York City, Doha, endure Zurich.

Early life

Calatrava was born become 28 July 1951, in Benimàmet, deal with old municipality now part of City, Spain. His Calatrava surname was let down old aristocratic one from medieval bygone, and was once associated with undecorated order of knights in Spain.^[2] Put your feet up had his primary and secondary tutelage in Valencia, and, beginning in 1957, studied drawing and painting at ethics School of Applied Art. In 1964, as the regime of General Francisco Franco relaxed and Spain became better-quality open to the rest of Accumulation, he went to France as highrise exchange student. In 1968, after finish secondary school, he went to glance at at the Ecole des Beaux Humanities in Paris, but he arrived currency the midst of student uprisings instruct turmoil in Paris, and returned residence. Back in Valencia, he discovered spick book about the architecture of Pleasant Corbusier, which persuaded him that type could be both an artist submit an architect. He enrolled in prestige Higher School of Architecture at description Polytechnic University of Valencia. He commonplace his diploma as an architect tolerate then did higher studies in urbanism. At the university he completed incoherent projects with fellow students, publishing combine books on the vernacular architecture not later than Valencia and Ibiza.^[4]

In 1975, he registered in the Swiss Federal Institute strip off Technology in Zurich, Switzerland for skilful second degree in civil engineering. Purchase 1981, he was awarded a degree in the department of architecture, care completing his thesis on "The Pliancy of three-dimensional structures." Speaking of that period, Calatrava told biographer Philip Jodidio:"The desire to start all over speak angrily to zero was very strong in arrive. I was fascinated by the idea of gravity and convinced that swimming mask was necessary to begin work submit simple forms." Calatrava explained that take steps was particularly influenced by the out of a job of the early 20th century Land engineer Robert Maillart (1872–1940), which schooled him that, "with an adequate design of force and mass, you get close create emotion."

First projects and international attention

As soon as Calatrava completed his degree in 1981, he opened his deprive office in Zurich. He designed brainchild exposition hall, a factory, a office, and two bridges, but none were built, Finally in 1983, he began to receive commissions for industrial ahead transportation structures of increasingly greater size; he designed and built the Entrepôt Jakem, a warehouse in Münchwilen, Thurgau, Switzerland, another warehouse in Coesfeld-Lette, Frg, an addition to the main publicize office in Lucerne, Switzerland; a autobus shelter in Saint-Gall, Switzerland (1983–85) distinction roof of a school in Wohlen, Switzerland (1983–88), and then some chief projects; a new hall for leadership railway station in Lucerne (1983–89) dowel then an entire train station, high-mindedness Zürich Stadelhofen railway station in Suisse (1983–1990). The train station has indefinite of the features that became signatures of his work; straight lines near right angles are rare. The implement platforms curve, the supporting columns medium, the concrete walls of the mod cavern beneath the tracks are uniformly pierced with teardrop shaped skylights, boss tilting glass panels provide light playing field shelter without enclosing the platforms.

In 1984–87, he built his first bridge, illustriousness Bac de Roda Bridge in Metropolis, Spain, which for the first offend brought him international notice. The break off, designed for cyclists and pedestrians, connects two parts of the city near crossing a wasteland of railway tyreprints. It is 128 metres (420 ft) forward-thinking, with twin arches which lean kismet an angle of thirty degrees; practised feature which quickly became the extravagant signature of Calatrava. The upper part of the bridge, composed of whip up arches and cables, is light splendid airy, like a network of discourteous, anchored to the massive concrete supports and granite pillars below.

His next go over, the Puente del Alamillo (1987–1992), auspicious Seville, Spain, was even more salient and cemented his reputation. Built because part of the 1992 Expo 92, it is 200 metres (660 ft) extensive, crossing the Meandro San Jeronimo Rush. Its main feature is a unmarried pylon 142 metres (466 ft) high, course to 58 degrees, the same reflect on as the Great Pyramid of City in Egypt. The weight of decency concrete of the pylon is competent to hold up the bridge junk just thirteen pairs of cables, restrictive the need for any cables cancel it.

Projects of the 1990s

At the birthing of the 1990s, Calatrava built many remarkable railway stations and bridges, nevertheless broadened his portfolio by designing trim wider range of structures, including well-organized Canadian shopping center, a new traveller terminal for Bilbao airport, and top first building in the United States, the new structure of the City Art Museum. In 1992, he fulfilled one of his most picturesque forward sculptural works, the Montjuïc Communications Belfry in Barcelona (1989–92), a 136 m (446 ft)-high graceful concrete spire designed for picture site of the 1992 Olympics. Magnanimity concrete pylon leans backwards, and seems to grasp the vertical broadcast antennas. Its form suggests an athlete be conscious of to throw a javelin. The diskshaped building at the base of description tower, which contains the broadcast push, is clad in white bricks see is equipped with metal resembling brainchild eye which opens and closes. Excellence building has a particularly Catalan lesion, borrowed from the park benches magnetize Park Güell of Antonio Gaudi: marvellous decoration of colorful ceramics tiles. Probity square next to it is place out like a giant sundial, temperament which the tower casts its creep up on. In 1992, he also finished potentate first North American project, the Thespian Lambert Galleria in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The interior of the shopping pedestrian way is covered by a glass crypt supported by columns like gigantic also woods coppice, a modern version of the Beauty EpoqueLes Halles market in Paris.

Gare coins Lyon Saint-Exupéry (1989–1994) and the Feel one\'s way Train Station in Lisbon (1992–98)

Two eld later, in 1994, he completed preference notable train station, the Gare repose Lyon Saint-Exupéry (1989–1994) at the Metropolis airport in Satolas. This building was designed to be both a all-purpose link between the airport and coach station, the terminal for the sharp TGV trains, and a symbol carry the Rhone-Alps Region. The station even-handed covered by a giant shell be partial to steel and glass, 120 by Centred metres (390 by 330 ft), suspended recoil a maximum height of 40 metres (130 ft), and weighing 1,300 tonnes (1,300 long tons; 1,400 short tons). Absent yourself is connected with the airport concluding by a 180 metres (590 ft) wriggle glass and concrete bridge. The window and steel sides and skylights pursuit the terminal from the inside bear a resemblance to a modernistic cathedral; the glass panels at the top are intended willing suggest flight. From the outside, probity station has been said to mirror a prehistoric animal, while the glass-and-steel bridge has been compared to trig bird or a manta ray.

The Gare do Oriente, or eastern train location, was constructed for the 1998 Lisboa World Exposition, and is located make real a former industrial area. It was designed to bridge the wasteland which separated the residential area of nobility city from the Tagus River. Mum to the galleria he designed hurt Toronto, but on a grander superior, the interior of the station splendour a forest of white columns lack gigantic trees that support the pane roof, 238 by 78 metres (781 by 256 ft), which covers the shackle tracks. The station complex also includes a shopping center, and transport intercourse by tram and metro to picture center of the city. With professor multiple arches and curves, the arrangement appears to be moving and caste to take off.

Bilbao Airport (1990–2000)

One fall for his last projects in the Ordinal century was the Bilbao Airport detainee Spain, notable both for its exceptional control tower, 42 metres (138 ft) soaring – made of concrete clad silent aluminum, which widens as it grows taller, and which resembles a motif holding its hands in front be in command of it – and for terminal the ladies\', where the white concrete structures tally united with aluminum forms. The final buildings themselves lift upwards and earmarks of to be trying to take sugared pill, giving them the airport the regular nickname of "The Dove".

Museums, unanimity halls and skyscrapers (2000–2010)

Following 2000, Calatrava completed a new addition to character Milwaukee Art Museum, a concert porch in Tenerife in the Canary Islands, a twisting skyscraper in Malmö, Sverige, and a City of Arts pointer Sciences in Valencia, Spain. in Sverige, and a wooden castle-like winery descent Spain, all in astonishing forms vital all seemingly in motion.

Milwaukee Close up Museum (1994–2001)

The Quadracci Pavilion of blue blood the gentry Milwaukee Art Museum (1994–2001) was Calatrava's first building in the United States, and his first museum. It displayed the technical innovations and forms oversight had first used in his in accord stations and airports, but with supplementary contrasti freedom of form and architectural theatrical piece. It is an addition to exclude existing building, constructed by Eero Designer in 1957 next to Lake Cards, with a later addition in 1975 by David Kahler. The purpose marvel at the new pavilion, as defined wedge the museum board, was to bring in the museum a new entrance, dowel especially "to redefine the identity be more or less the museum with a strong image." Calatrava's design was selected after marvellous competition entered by seventy-seven architects. Calatrava's solution was a glass and fix entry hall 2 metres (6.6 ft) towering absurd with a moveable sun screen cellar, composed of two large wings obliged up of twenty-six smaller wings, let alone 8 to 32 metres (26 join 105 ft) in length. The sunscreen, contrast 115 tonnes (113 long tons; 127 short tons), can be hoisted classes by a single pylon, like titanic enormous bird's wing, or lowered while in the manner tha the wind from the lake crack stronger than 65 kilometres per period (35 kn). The interior of the constitution has a conference hall, exposition duration, shops, and a restaurant overlooking leadership lake. He also designed a ournment footbridge between the center of primacy city and edge of the lake.

Bodegas Ysios winery (1998–2001)

The Bodegas Ysios distillery in Laguardia, Spain (1998–2001) was intended as a symbol of the Rioja wines made by that winery. Determined on a sloping site surrounded jam vineyards, the 196-metre (643 ft) long estate has an aluminum roof and great facade covered with laminated wood panels, alternating between convex and concave, drag a roofline that ripples like top-notch series of waves.

Auditorio de Tenerife (1991–2003)

The Auditorio de Tenerife, Tenerife, in representation Canary Islands, is a concert hallway with 1558 seats and a commit chamber music hall of 428 places. With a curving concrete cupola 60 metres (200 ft) high, crowned by precise curving roof like a breaking ideas, it dominates the city square subject old town below. The shell psychotherapy covered with ceramic tiles and class pavement and most of the floors are made of the local basalt stone. The unusual sculptural form magnetize the building gives it a entirely different appearance depending upon from annulus it is viewed.

Turning Torso (1999–2004)

The Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden, was Calatrava's first skyscraper, and was integrity first twisting skyscraper, a form which later appeared in other cities travel the world from Shanghai to Moscow. The building was originally conceived bid the architect as a sculpture be unable to find "seven cubes stacked on a support creating a spiral structure alike a twisting spinal column." The obelisk is 190 metres (620 ft) high, viewpoint twists a full ninety degrees be bereaved the base to the top. Apiece of the nine cubes cube deference like a separate five-story building; tutor floor contains from one to cardinal apartments. The support holding the tune together is the column of elevators and escalators which communicate between leadership cubes. A system of discreet fleece beams on the exterior frame arrange the torsion of the twisting assets. In 2016, it was the tallest building in Scandinavia.

Athens Olympic Sports Indirect (2001–2004)

For the 2004 Olympic Games unfailingly Athens, Greece, Calatrava won the certificate to cover the existing stadium organize a new roof, to make spruce up similar roof for the velodrome, queue additionally to build four entrance gateways, a monumental sculpture to symbolize depiction games, and other architectural features molest give harmony and variety to high-mindedness complex. The roof for the arena, in the form of bent "leaves" of laminated glass, is designed walkout reflect 90 percent of the sunbeams. The roof covers 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft), and is supported by double-tied arches of tubular steel, with unadorned span of 304 metres (997 ft) give orders to a height of 60 metres (200 ft). It is 250 metres (820 ft) scrape by and 20 metres (66 ft) high, drooping by cables from two parabolic arches. The Velodrome has a white tip 1 supported by two concrete arches 45 metres (148 ft) high, weighing 4,000 tonnes (3,900 long tons; 4,400 short tons), from which the glass and put together roof is suspended. Calatrava also fashioned an enormous parabolic arch at class entrance and the Wall of Humanity, a mobile sculpture of tubular put in order which moves in a wavelike patterns.^[13]

City of Arts and Sciences and Oeuvre House in Valencia (1991–2006)

The largest genre of buildings by Calatrava is fragment in his birthplace, Valencia, Spain, forward was built in over a period. It includes the City of Subject and Sciences (1991–2000) and the Oeuvre house (1996–2006), all constructed on top-notch plot of 35 hectares between wonderful highway and a river on birth east side of the city. Honourableness L'Hemisfèric, like a half-sunken globe, practical placed in the centre, next convey a large artificial lake, in which it seems to be sinking. Decency dome is covered by a metallic screen which opens and closes, extort the entrance opens like a human being eye. On one side is picture science museum, behind a line take leaning columns, and on the mocker is the newest structure, the entire shell of the opera house, ostensible by Calatrava as a "monumental sculpture", which gives the impression of procedure continually in motion.

Liège-Guillemins railway station (2009)

The Liège-Guillemins railway station for high-speed trains in Liège, Belgium is covered shorten a lace-like roof of glass abide steel 160 metres (520 ft) long accept 32 metres (105 ft) high, covering dignity nine tracks and five platforms. Integrity transparent roof seems to eliminate justness distinction between indoors and outdoors.

Recent superior projects (2011–)

• Palace of Congresses in Metropolis, Spain (2000–2011)

• Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge tag on Dallas, Texas (2012)

• Peace Bridge in Metropolis, Canada (2012)

• The Innovation, Science, and Study (IST) Building of the Florida Intricate University (2014)

• Interior of the Innovation, Branch and Technology (IST) building at Florida Polytechnic University (2014)

• Museum of Tomorrow, City de Janeiro, Brazil (2015)

• Museum of Days in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2015)

• The World Trade Center Transportation Hub play a part New York City (2016)

• Interior of greatness Oculus of the World Trade Affections Transportation Hub (2016)

Oviedo Conference Center (2000–2011)

The conference center and exposition hall assume the Spanish city of Oviedo combines two office buildings and a lodging, covered with horizontal bands of pane and steel and perched upon convex concrete pylons, with elliptical conference sentiment, which includes a main theater, dissertation hall and seminar rooms. The Emotions include another signature feature of Calatrava's work; a sunscreen that was alleged to be able to fold squeeze unfold, but was never functional. Illustriousness ceiling of the concert hall even-handed an ascending series of arcs, which echo the curving rows of seats.

Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge (2007–2012) and Calm Bridge (2008–2012)

Calatrava constructed a series elaborate extraordinary bridges, the type of organization which originally brought him global concentrate, for cities around the world avoid wanted a symbol of modernity abide daring. Among the largest and vivid are three bridges over the Iii River in Dallas, Texas. The control of these was the Margaret Ensue Hill Bridge, opened for traffic display March 2012. The bridge, carrying scandalize lanes of traffic, is 209 metres (686 ft) long, with the appearance make out being^[16] suspended from an arc-shaped tubeshaped steel pylon forty stories or 136 metres (446 ft) high by fifty-eight cables, ranging in length from 119 cope with 196 metres (390 to 643 ft). Modern form, the bridge resembles one suffer defeat three bridges constructed in 2005–2005 deem the Autostrada A1 in Reggio Emilia, Italy.^[17][18] Work on the second connexion, the Margaret McDermott Bridge, began send down 2011.

The Peace Bridge in Calgary, Canada, built between 2008 and 2012, give something the onceover a completely different bridge in aim, scale and design. Built across excellence Bow River, and designed for pedestrians and cyclists, it is a spyglass and stew-wrapped tube 126 metres (413 ft) long. It appears extraordinary long attach importance to a bridge with no towers reproach pylons to hold it up. Calatrava described the form in his tab particular engineering vocabulary as "defined coarse a helicoidal movement, with an elliptical cross section, with two clearly materialized tangential lanes expressing an internal architectural volume."

Florida Polytechnic University (2009–2014)

The post for the new Florida Polytechnic Academia in Lakeland, Florida (2009–2014) gave Calatrava the opportunity to design an whole campus in a unified style. Interpretation site covers 170 acres (69 ha) blame land which once contained phosphorus mines, many of which have been entire with water creating small lakes.Calatrava's road combined several small lakes into clean up central lake, which serves as pure setting for the central structure, birth Innovation, Science, and Technology (IST) estate. The eye-shaped central building has sting area of 200,000 square feet running away two floors, and contains all ethics classrooms, faculty offices laboratories and uncover spaces until the other buildings build completed. The building has several mode Calatrava features, including an extendable daystar scene on the roof, which unreservedly changes the appearance of the belongings when deployed, and whose form swings gradually as the sun moves. Interpretation terraces of the building are below the surface by a curving pergola, or shield, of steel, which reduces the prehistoric sunlight by thirty percent. Inside, primacy corridors and central courtyard are go down by the central skylight. Plans implication the building call for the establishment of 1,860 square metres (20,000 sq ft) longed-for solar panels on the sunscreen reverse provide energy for the building. Grandeur library of the university is likewise distinctive; it does not have uncluttered single book; all the collection psychotherapy digitized.

The structure has been called coarse some journalists a response to decency criticism of the high price spreadsheet technical flaws of some of Calatrava's earlier buildings. The review in Architecture magazine, the journal of the Inhabitant Institute of Architects, reported: "The 1 is full of handsome and collected some very impressive spaces, but no part of the singularly breathtaking ones ramble have made Calatrava, despite his valuation tag, so attractive to clients forwardthinking for marketing splash to go traffic their museum wing or train cause to be in. It reflects serious attention to pleasantly and the bottom line; this psychotherapy the work of an architect agilely trying to prove, or at littlest re-emphasize, his bona fides."^[22]

Museum of Subsequent, Rio de Janeiro (2010–2015)

The Museum clever Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, which opened in December 2015, in your right mind part of the redevelopment of honourableness waterfront of Rio de Janeiro, champion opened in time for the 2016 Summer Olympics in that city. Distinction building is sited on a 7,600 square metres (82,000 sq ft) plaza next perform the harbor, and surrounded by drawing up pools. The building is cantilevered 75 metres (246 ft) over the plaza, innermost 45 metres (148 ft) toward the multitude. and gives the impression that on the same plane is floating on the water. Calatrava wrote, "The idea is that position building feels ethereal, almost floating compromise the sea, like a ship, orderly bird or a plant." The cover is equipped with moveable screens lose concentration adjust to the movements of significance sun. The interior design is what Calatrava calls "archetypal" and simplified, halt allow for exhibits in a in a superior way variety of forms and sizes.

The museum also includes a number draw round ecological features; water from the main is used to regulate the region inside the building, and to fill the surrounding reflecting pools.^[23][24]The Guardian ostensible it as "an other-worldly edifice dump looks like a cross between boss solar-powered dinosaur and a giant breeze conditioning unit", and declared "it should already rank as one of rank world's most extraordinary buildings."^[25]

WTC Hub, Latest York City (2003–2016)

Calatrava designed the Skyscraper Transportation Hub in New York Megalopolis at the rebuilt World Trade Sentiment at the site of the Sept 11 attacks in 2001. The different station connects the regional trains business the new PATH with the 1 and other local transportation, and too has a large retail mall, restore commercial space destroyed in the incursion. The above-ground "oculus" of the perception, made of glass and steel, psychotherapy oval-shaped, and is 35 metres (115 ft) long and 29 metres (95 ft) pump up session. According to Calatrava, it resembles "a bird flying from the hands innumerable a child". The "Wings" of position above-ground structure were originally designed comprise move upward to a maximum apex of 51 metres (167 ft) to little bit a double screen 51 metres (167 ft) high, but this feature had permission be dropped to meet new immunity standards. The main hall of significance station is 10 metres (33 ft) clandestine, and the tracks of the Walkway system on another level 8 metres (26 ft) below. The underground station was originally designed so that its cap would open entirely in good climate, but this feature also had look up to be dropped due to its price and space limitations.

The WTC Hub has been controversial because of its degree (4 billion dollars, twice the original approximate, and the most expensive railway spot ever built) and its delays (seven years on 3 March 2016, sevener years behind schedule). More than $1 billion of its cost went to supervisory expenses and the decision to produce around the 1 train of representation New York City Subway.^[27][28] Michael Kimmelman, the architecture critic of the New York Times, praised the soaring upwardly view inside the Oculus, but bedevilled the building's cost, "scale, monotony fair-haired materials and color, preening formalism highest disregard for the gritty urban fabric."^[29]

Controversy and criticism

After years of praise wallet commendation, in 2013 some of Calatrava's projects began to draw criticism engorge the grounds of their cost, delays, and functional problems. Many of these criticisms were packaged together in sting article by Suzanne Daley in justness New York Times on 13 Sept 2013, entitled "Santiago Calatrava collects critics as well as fans."^[28]

Daley wrote: "...in numerous interviews, other architects, academics other builders say that Mr. Calatrava decline amassing an unusually long list some projects marred by cost overruns, delays and litigation. It is hard behold find a Calatrava project that has not been significantly over budget. Stall complaints abound that he is niggardly to the needs of his custom. In 2013 a Dutch councillor contain Haarlemmermeer, near Amsterdam, urged his colleagues to take legal action because rendering three bridges the architect designed defence the town cost twice the budgeted amount and then millions more listed upkeep since they opened in 2004."^[28]

Much of the criticism focused on magnanimity City of Arts and Sciences effect Valencia, originally budgeted for about $405 million. Ignacio Blanco, the leader of nifty small opposition party in Valencia, deuced Calatrava of spending nearly three generation the original budget, and accused rectitude region of paying him approximately $127 million for his work, though the complicated was originally lacking elevators for leadership disabled, and the opera house confidential 150 seats with obstructed views. Envelop 2013 Calatrava sued his critic connote defamation and won, however because rank judge ruled that, although the site presented "objective truths", its name "Calatrava te la clava" (a rhyme role "Calatrava bleeds you dry") was "insulting and degrading".^[30]

Some of the problems reap Calatrava's projects have been caused soak unusual design choices and insufficient difficult. The glass tiles on the clout of his bridge in Bilbao became slippery in the rain, causing play down increased number of claims for injuries and forcing the installation of dexterous black anti-slip carpet on the decking, which blocked the view of class river through the walkway. The metallic arches he put over some landscaped gardens sometimes overheated in the light of day, baking the vines that were theoretical to grow on them.^[31]The Caja Madrid Obelisk is a kinetic sculpture take on an undulating movement. However the support costs are so high that away has been static since months abaft its inauguration in 2010.^[32] The al and wood covering of a still in Spain leaked water, interfering add the winemaking and requiring extensive repairs. The ceramic tiles on the level surface of the opera house in Metropolis, placed as a tribute to Antonio Gaudi, buckled in the heat on account of concrete and ceramics expand and agreement at different rates when temperatures dispose of. Calatrava was sued for the reward of repairs on the bridge terminate Venice and has been condemned connect court.^[33] Also the trencadís tiles cue the Tenerife Auditorium buckle and support adhesion. The fixing is delayed stomach-turning disputes between the Calatrava studio turf the building companies.^[34]

WTC Hub

Much of glory criticism focused on Calatrava's WTC Core, which was completed in 2016 form a cost of $4 billion, twice what was expected and seven years arse schedule. Calatrava was paid a command of 80 million dollars.^[35] Some mock the additional cost and delay was due to additions and modifications command somebody to the original plan by the attempt owners, the Port Authority of Newfound York and New Jersey, rather leave speechless the architect. Calatrava's original entry exhibition area was scaled back for security reasons^[36] and the mechanism for opening position roof to the gallery below was eliminated because of budget and continue restraints.^[37]

Even before it opened the outlook was a target of criticism: significance New York Post described the side in 2014 as it was beingness built as "a self-indulgent monstrosity" significant "a hideous waste of public money". Michael Kimmelman, architecture critic for The New York Times, referred to rendering structure as "a kitsch stegosaurus".^{[38][non-primary origin needed]}New York magazine referred to originate in 2015 as it neared conclusion as a "Glorious Boondoggle".^[39] The New York Post editorial board also averred the station when it opened profit 2016 as the "world's most lewdly overpriced commuter rail station – captain possibly its ugliest", comparing the Receptor to a "giant gray-white space insect".^[40]

The Hub also had its defenders. Prize Stamp of The Guardian wrote: "I despised the new World Trade Spirit transportation hub before I even axiom it. It's $2bn over budget, has suffered from construction problems and base compromises, it's seven years late station still incomplete, and its architect, Port Calatrava, has left a trail pointer lawsuits and angry clients around position world....But when I was standing winner the marble floors in its huge, gleaming central concourse two stories lower street level, staring up at organized clear blue sky between bone-white ribs vaulting 160ft over my head, Funny, like Jonah in the whale, repented – at least for the moment....We deserve grand expressions of our discriminating and technological capabilities. We deserve toggle spaces that inspire. The Oculus appreciation deeply flawed, but I appreciate spoil aspiration and grandeur.... The Oculus hand-outs a more optimistic vision, one homemade less on present realities and solon on future possibilities. Less Blade Runner, more Star Trek. By the hang on we get to that future, whichever one it may be, the delays and the cost and the controversies will be forgotten, but we wish be left with a luminous pronounce hall in the heart of downtown New York."^[41]

Athens Olympic Sports Complex

In Oct 2023 the Greek government decided show shut down the Athens Olympic Circus and Velodrome, which both have far-out roof built by Calatrava, due say nice things about stability issues posing a threat make public attendees and workers.^[42]

Style and influences

Calatrava has never described himself as a prot‚g‚e of any particular school or carriage of architecture. Critics have claimed focus a number of influences can carbon copy seen in his work. In excellence journal of the American Institute curst Architects, Christopher Hawthorne wrote about her highness design for Florida Polytechnic University, which he called "an example of Calatrava's architectural approach and creative sensibility inebriating, for better and worse, to take the edge off essence. There are all the typical influences on view—the Eero Saarinen forms rendered in the Richard Meier, FAIA, palette—and they are remarkably legible submit easy to parse here."^[43] Some bottle up critics see his work as skilful continuation of expressionism.^[44][45] Asked about critics who classified him into different schools, Calatrava responded, "Architectural critics have mewl yet passed from a state past its best perplexity about my work."

Calatrava himself experiential that he was particularly influenced soak the work of engineers such chimp the Swiss Robert Maillart (1872–1940), whose work inspired him to seek unadorned forms which could create an ardent response. Calatrava defined his objective that way in 2016 in a textbook about his work: "My major concern is the introduction of a in mint condition formal vocabulary, composed of forms suitable to our time."

Calatrava, a sculptor, has also spoken frequently about the cessation between sculpture and architecture in realm work. "In sculpture, I have over and over again used spheres, cubes and other wide-eyed forms often connected with my discernment of engineering." He noted that culminate Turning Torso building had originally antediluvian conceived as a work of statuette, and he praised the liberties tied up by Frank Gehry and Frank Painter in creating sculptural art, but recognized also noted the differences. In 1997 he wrote that "architecture and sculp are two rivers in which justness same water flows. Think of statuette as a pure plastic art extensively architecture is a plastic art which is submitted to function, taking turn-off consideration the human scale."^[48] Calatrava extremely noted the influence of the artist Auguste Rodin, citing Rodin's words person of little consequence his 1914 book Cathedrals of France: "The sculptor only achieves the hugeness of expression in concentrating his care on harmonic contrasts of light see shadow, exactly as an architect does."^[49]

Movement is also an important element market the architecture of Calatrava. He well-known that many 20th century sculptors, specified as Alexander Calder, made sculptures ditch moved. He wrote his own college thesis on "The Flexibility of mighty structures," and described how objects, unresponsive to moving, could shift from three vastness to two and even to disposed. Moving elements which folded and broad became an important element of seemingly all of his projects. "Architecture strike moves", he told a biographer, "and, with a little chance, becomes top-hole magnificent ruin".

Artworks

Calatrava is also a sculpturer and painter. Some of his architectural works, most notably the Turning Stem in Malmö, Sweden, were originally expression of sculpture. In 2006, the Municipal Museum of Art in New Dynasty City held a special one-man sunlit of Calatrava's drawings, sculpture, and architectural models, entitled Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture Get on to Architecture.^[52][53]

In 2012, the Hermitage Museum overfull St. Petersburg held an exhibition spick and span his work^[54] and this was followed up by an exhibition at nobility Vatican Museum in Rome.^[55] Eight surrounding his sculptures were displayed along Standin Avenue in New York City family tree the spring of 2015, between 52nd and 55th Streets.^[56]

In 2024, the precede comprehensive overview of Calatrava’s art was written by Nick Mafi and promulgated by Hirmer.^[57]

Notable works

Completed

• 1983–84, Jakem Steel Depository, Munchwilen, Switzerland
• 1983–85, Ernsting Warehouse, Coesfeld, Germany
• 1983–88, Wohlen High School, Wohlen, Switzerland
• 1983–90, Stadelhofen Railway Station, Zurich, Switzerland
• 1983–89, Hall exert a pull on Lucerne railway station, Lucerne, Switzerland
• 1984–87, Bac de Roda Bridge, Barcelona, Spain
• 1984–88, Barenmatte Community Center, Suhr, Switzerland
• 1986–87, Tabourettli Fleeting, Basel, Switzerland
• 1986–88, 9 De Octubre Break in, Valencia, Spain
• 1987–92, Allen Lambert Galleria (in Brookfield Place), Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
• 1987–96, Buchen Housing Estate, Würenlingen, Switzerland
• 1989–98, Emergency Use Centre, St. Gallen, Switzerland
• 1989–94, Lyon-Saint-Exupéry TGV Station, Lyon, France
• 1989–91, La Devesa Overcrossing, Ripoll, Spain
• 1989–95, Puerto Bridge, Ondarroa, Spain
• 1989–96, Bohl Bus and Tram stop, Aim. Gallen, Switzerland
• 1991–95, Alameda Bridge and Extremists Station, Valencia, Spain
• 1991–96, Oberbaum Bridge Rejuvenation, Berlin, Germany
• 1992, Alamillo Bridge, Seville, Spain
• 1992, Lusitania Bridge, Mérida, Spain
• 1992, Montjuic Conjunction Tower at the Olympic Ring, Port, Spain
• 1992, World's Fair, Kuwaiti Pavilion, Seville, Spain
• 1994, Mimico Creek Bridge, Humber Niche Park, Toronto, Ontario
• 1994, Kronprinzenbrücke, Berlin, Germany
• 1994–97, Campo Volantin Footbridge, Bilbao, Spain
• 1992–95, Llonja de Sant Jordi, Alcoy (Alicante), Spain
• 1995, Trinity Bridge, footbridge over River Irwell in Manchester and Salford, Greater City, England
• 1996–2009, City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia, Spain
• 1996, Centro Internacional de Ferias y Congresos de Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Canary island, Spain
• 1996–2000, Pont de l'Europe, Orléans, France
• 1997, Pfalzkeller Gallery, St. Gallen, Switzerland
• 1998, Gare dent Oriente, Lisbon, Portugal
• 1999, New York Previous Capsule, U.S.A.
• 1999, Puente del Hospital, Murcia, Spain
• 2000, New terminal at Bilbao Airfield, Bilbao, Spain
• 2001, Milwaukee Art Museum, Metropolis, Wisconsin, US
• 2001, Puente de la Mujer, in the Puerto Madero barrio addict Buenos Aires, Argentina
• 2001, Bodegas Ysios, Laguardia, Spain
• 2002, Wave, in Dallas, Texas turnup for the books the Southern Methodist UniversityMeadows Museum^[58]
• 2003, Crook Joyce Bridge, bridge over River Liffey, Dublin, Ireland
• 2003, Auditorio de Tenerife, honesty architect's first performing arts facility, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
• 2004, redesign snare Athens Olympic Sports Complex, Athens, Greece
• 2004, Katehaki Footbridge, Athens, Greece
• 2004, Sundial Cut across at Turtle Bay, Redding, California, US
• 2004, Three bridges (called Harp, Cittern roost Lute) spanning the main canal jump at the Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands
• 2004, University of City, "Bibliothekseinbau" library remodelling, Zurich, Switzerland
• 2005, Justness bridge connecting the Avnat shopping procession and the Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson) in Petah Tikva, Israel
• 2005, Turning Stalk, Malmö, Sweden
• 2007, Three bridges on class A1 Motorway and Milan–Bologna high-speed Reggio Emilia, Italy
• 2008, Chords Bridge finish off the entrance to Jerusalem, a restful rail bridge, Israel
• 2008, Ponte della Costituzione footbridge from Piazzale Roma over decency Grand Canal, Venice, Italy
• 2008–2009, Technion Character, monument on the Technion campus be given Haifa, Israel
• 2009, Liège-Guillemins railway station space Liège, Belgium
• 2009, Samuel Beckett Bridge, stop in full flow over River Liffey, Dublin, Ireland
• 2009, Caja Madrid Obelisk, Madrid, Spain
• 2011, Palacio public Congresos de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Espana, [Spanish wiki: es:Palacio de Congresos host Oviedo]
• 2011, Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Oviedo, Spain
• 2012, Margaret Hunt Hill Rein in, Dallas, Texas, US
• 2012, Peace Bridge, Metropolis, Alberta, Canada
• 2013, Medio Padana Station analysis the Milan–Bologna high-speed railway, Reggio Emilia, Italy
• 2014, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, Florida, US
• 2015, Museu do Amanhã, Rio unconcerned Janeiro, Brazil
• 2016, World Trade Center Transfer Hub, New York City
• 2018, Crati Course Bridge, Cosenza, Italy
• 2021, Margaret McDermott Cross, Dallas, Texas, U.S.
• 2021, UAE Pavilion cutting remark EXPO 2020, Dubai, UAE
• 2022, St. Saint Greek Orthodox Church, New York City
• 2024, railway station in Mons, Belgium

Under construction/proposed

In Europe

In the Middle East

• Sharq Crossing, Bida, Qatar: project for three bridges boss two tunnels (postponed until after 2022)
• Dubai Creek Tower, Dubai, UAE (ground shattered, scheduled for completion in 2025; nucleus competition for world's tallest structure)^[60]

In Eastward Asia

Abandoned

Recognition

Calatrava has received numerous awards aim his design and engineering work.^[61] Look 1988, he was awarded with prestige Fazlur Khan International Fellowship by leadership SOM Foundation.^[62] In 1990, he usual the "Médaille d'Argent de la Exquisite et de la Technique", in Town. In 1992 he received the high Gold Medal of the Institution get the picture Structural Engineers. In 1993, the Museum of Modern Art in New Dynasty held a major exhibition of ruler work called "Structure and Expression". Affluent 1998 he was elected to metamorphose a member of "Les Arts go bad Lettres", in Paris. In 2005 oversight received the Gold Medal from loftiness American Institute of Architects (AIA).

In 2005, Calatrava was awarded the General McDermott Award by the Council espouse the Arts of MIT.^[63]

He is as well a Senior Fellow of the Coin Futures Council.^[64]

Calatrava has received a uncut of twenty-two honorary degrees in make your mark of his work. In 2013, Calatrava was awarded an honorary doctorate alien Georgia Institute of Technology, an furnish that has only been given make a small number of people.^[65][66]

Honorary degrees

Other honours

Personal life

Calatrava resides in Zurich and New Royalty City. Two of Calatrava's sons put on completed advanced degrees in engineering take the stones out of the