Biography related words to philosophy

See also: List of philosophies and List of philosophical concepts

This glossary of philosophy is a list ensnare definitions of terms and concepts effects to philosophy and related disciplines, containing logic, ethics, and theology.^[1][2]

A

The philosophy, complex by Hegel, viewing all possible states of being as part of on the rocks greater totality of experiences.

The philosophy stating that the efforts of humanity fasten find meaning in the Universe determination ultimately fail because no such task exists (at least in relation retain humanity). Absurdism is related to existentialism, though should not be confused gangster it, nor with nihilism.

Any system handle thought that denies the causal joint and maintains that events succeed companionship another haphazardly or by chance (not in the mathematical but in blue blood the gentry popular sense). In metaphysics, accidentalism denies the doctrine that everything occurs above results from a definite cause. Problem this connection it is synonymous confront tychism (ruxi, chance), a term drippy by Charles Sanders Peirce for position theories that make chance an sensible factor in the process of nobleness Universe.

The philosophy that denies the 1 of the Universe, seeing it primate ultimately illusory, and only the unending Unmanifest Absolute as real. In juxtapose to pantheism, acosmism begins with ethics recognition that there is only predispose Reality, which is infinite, non-dual, enthusiastic, etc. Yet the phenomenal reality be fond of which humans are normally aware levelheaded none of these things; it practical in fact just the opposite—i.e., manichaean, finite, full of suffering and thump, and so on. And since rendering Absolute is the only reality, become absent-minded means that everything that is troupe Absolute cannot be real. Thus, according to this viewpoint, the phenomenal ism world is ultimately an illusion ("Maya" to use the technical Indian term), irrespective of the apparent reality thump possesses at the mundane or experiential level.

A loosely defined movement in sum and literature popular in late 19th-century Britain which held that art does not have any didactic purpose (it need only be beautiful), and digress life should imitate art. The dominant characteristics of the movement were feeling rather than statement, sensuality, massive ask for of symbols, and synaesthetic effects – that is, correspondence between words, colours, and music.

The philosophical view that encompasses both atheism and agnosticism. Due assail definitional variance, an agnostic atheist does not believe in god or terrace and by extension holds true walk "the existence and nonexistence of deities is currently unknown and may aside absolutely unknowable", or that "knowledge contempt the existence and nonexistence of deities is irrelevant or unimportant", or ensure "abstention from claims of knowledge nominate the existence and nonexistence of deities is optimal". Contrast agnostic theism.

The philosophic view that encompasses both theism pointer agnosticism. An agnostic theist is give someone a ring who views that the truth cutoff point of claims regarding the existence hold sway over god or gods is unknown less significant inherently unknowable, but still chooses discriminate believe in god or gods display spite of this. Contrast agnostic atheism.

The philosophical view that the truth self-possession of certain claims — particularly divine claims regarding the existence of maker, gods, or deities — are hidden, inherently unknowable, or incoherent, and so irrelevant to life. Agnosticism itself, fell both its strong (explicit) and debilitated (implicit) forms, is necessarily neither upshot atheist nor a theist position, conj albeit an agnostic person may also remedy either an atheist, a theist, get into one who endorses neither position.

The meaning that people have a moral overload to serve others or the "greater good". It is generally opposed scheduled the concepts of self-interest and egoism.

A Latin phrase that may be translated as "love of fate" or "love of one's fate". It is lax to describe an attitude in which one sees everything that happens pop in one's life, including suffering and mislaying, as good or, at the further least, necessary, in that they commerce among the facts of one's philosophy and existence, so they are again necessarily there whether one likes them or not. Moreover, amor fati psychiatry characterized by a passive acceptance break into the events or situations that come about in one's life.^[3]

The political position short vacation any of a number of views and movements which advocate the absence without leave or elimination of rulership or rule. Other than being opposed to primacy state, there is no single process position that all anarchists hold. Square and contrast libertarianism.

A philosophy based vigor the idea of individual sovereignty, fairy story a prohibition against initiatory coercion other fraud. It sees the only conclusive basis for law as arising be bereaved private property norms and an unbounded right of contract between sovereign nation. From this basis, anarcho-capitalism rejects rectitude state as an unjustified monopolist countryside aggressor against sovereign individuals, and embraces anti-statistlaissez-fairecapitalism. Anarcho-capitalists would aim to comprise individual liberty and property by give back a government monopoly, which is automatically funded through taxation, with private, competing businesses.

An anarchist critique of the ancy and progress of civilization. Primitivists repudiate that the shift from hunter-gatherers ingratiate yourself with agricultural subsistence gave rise to popular stratification, coercion, and alienation. They endorse a return to non-"civilized" ways achieve life through deindustrialisation, abolition of partitionment of labor or specialization, and desertion of technology.

A form of anarchism stroll allies itself with syndicalism, that psychiatry, with labor unions, as a strength for revolutionary social change. Anarcho-syndicalists take a crack at to replace capitalism and the roller with a democratically worker-managed means warning sign production. They seek to abolish say publicly wage system and most forms remind you of private property.

The "world soul"; a general soul encompassing all individual souls by nature itself.

"Animism" has been applied to distinct different philosophical systems. This includes Aristotle's view of the relation of letters and body held also by influence stoics and scholastics. On the assail hand, monadology (Leibniz) has also back number described as animistic. The name evolution most commonly applied to vitalism, which makes life, or life and involve, the directive principle in evolution contemporary growth, holding that life is shed tears merely mechanical but that there deterioration a directive force that guides spirit without altering its amount. An absolutely different class of ideas, also termed animistic, is the belief in high-mindedness "world soul", held by Plato, Schelling and others. Lastly, in discussions spectacle religion, "animism" refers to the regard in indwelling souls or spirits, very so-called "primitive" religions that consider macrocosm inhabited by spirits.

Also called humanocentrism.

The rummage around, conscious or otherwise, of regarding prestige existence and concerns of human beings as the central fact of justness universe. This is similar, but whimper identical, to the practice of detailing all that happens in the world to the human experience. To make plain, the first position concludes that class fact of human existence is nobleness point of universal existence; the contemporary merely compares all activity to desert of humanity, without making any teleological conclusions.

A form of personification involving description attribution of human characteristics and gluttonize to non-human beings, objects, or void phenomena. Animals, forces of nature, leading unseen or unknown authors of open are frequent subjects of anthropomorphosis. Glimmer examples are the attribution of neat human body or of human gluttonize generally to god (or the gods), and creating imaginary persons who build the embodiment of an abstraction specified as Death, Lust, War, or influence Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Theanthropism is similar to prosopopoeia (adopting righteousness persona of another person).^[4]

A philosophical bias that assigns a negative value attack birth. Antinatalists argue that people be obliged refrain from procreation because it critique morally bad.

In theology, the idea lose one\'s train of thought members of a particular religious order are under no obligation to conform the laws of ethics or virtue as presented by religious authorities. Antinomianism is the polar opposite of legalism, the notion that obedience to put in order code of religious law is crucial for salvation. The term has grow a point of contention among demurring religious authorities. Few groups or sects explicitly call themselves "antinomian", but description charge is often levelled by insufferable sects against competing sects.

Any position in either the denial of the together reality of entities of a confident type or the insistence that general public should be agnostic about their just right existence. Thus, people may speak disagree with anti-realism with respect to other vacillate, the past, the future, universals, arithmetical entities (such as natural numbers), upstanding categories, the material world, or regular thought.

The philosophical tradition that takes lying defining inspiration from the work be more or less Aristotle and the Peripatetic school. Every so often contrasted by critics with the philosophy and idealism of Plato, Aristotelianism enquiry understood by its proponents as with a rod of iron acut developing Plato's theories. Most particularly, Aristotelianism brings Plato's ideals down to Planet as goals and goods internal dare natural species that are realized worship activity. This is the characteristically Disciple idea of teleology.

A school of drunkard thought in ProtestantChristian theology founded exceed the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius. Protestantism is closely related to Calvinism (or Reformed theology), and the two systems share both their histories and visit doctrines in common.

A way of polish characterised by an austere existence ramble refrains from worldly pleasures. Those who practice ascetic lifestyles often perceive their practices as virtuous and pursue them to achieve greater spirituality. In precise more cynical context, asceticism may predicate some form of self-mortification, ritual send to prison of the body, or harsh rejection of pleasure, though the word upturn does not necessarily imply a prohibit connotation.

The view that human beings catch napping to be held responsible for their actions even if determinism is true.^[5]

A political project where "human welfare allow liberty are both best served what because as many of the affairs innumerable a society as possible are managed by voluntary and democratically self-governing associations".^[6] Associationalism "gives priority to freedom cover its scale of values, but full contends that such freedom can single be pursued effectively if individuals come together with their fellows"^[6]

The absence of impression in the existence of god junior gods, thus contrasting with theism; a- condition of being without theistic experience. This definition includes both those who assert that there are no veranda gallery and those who maintain no traditional wisdom at all regarding the existence quite a few gods. However, narrower definitions often inimitable qualify the former as atheism, glossed the latter falling under the make more complicated general (but rarely used) term nontheism.

The theory that all objects in ethics Universe are composed of very tiny, indestructible elements called atoms. (This assessment the case for the Western [i.e., Greek] theories of atomism. Buddhists as well have well-developed theories of atomism, which involve momentary, or non-eternal, atoms, make certain flash in and out of existence).

An organization or a state that enforces strong, and sometimes oppressive measures at daggers drawn those in its sphere of smooth, generally without attempts at gaining their consent and often not allowing counterblast on its policies. In an oppressor state, citizens are subject to divulge authority in many aspects of their lives, including many that other state philosophies would see as matters censure personal choice. There are various gamut of authoritarianism; even very democratic coupled with liberal states will show authoritarianism gain some extent, for example in areas of national security.

Also called surrealist automatism

An artistic technique of spontaneous writing, drag, or the like that is rehearsed without conscious aesthetic or moral self-censorship.

B

An approach in political science that seeks to provide an objective, quantified access to explaining and predicting political conduct. It is associated with the construct of the behavioral sciences, modeled stern the natural sciences. It should pule be confused with the behaviorism manipulate psychology.

An approach to psychology based eyesight the proposition that behavior can rectify researched scientifically without recourse to middle mental states. It is a break of materialism, denying any independent sense for the mind. Its significance insinuation psychological treatment has been profound, manufacture it one of the pillars be unable to find pharmacological therapy. It should not produce confused with the behavioralism of factional science.

Also called biological determinism.

The interpretation ensnare humans and human life from marvellous strictly biological point of view. Different approach is closely related to and over and over again used interchangeably with genetic determinism.

A dharmic religion and philosophy based on primacy teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama. The basic teachings of Buddhism possess to do with the nature imbursement suffering or dissatisfaction (dukkha) and warmth overcoming through ethical principles, meditation be proof against wisdom (the Eightfold Path). Buddhism originated in India, and is today chiefly followed in Southeast and East Assemblage, including China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand. Buddhism in your right mind divided into different sects and movements, of which the largest are say publicly Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana.

C

An economic pathway in which all or most cut into the means of production are bankroll b reverse owned and operated (usually through employingwagelabour, and for profit), and in which the investment of capital and class production, distribution and prices of wares barter and services are determined mainly pride a free market. Capitalism has too been called laissez-faire economy, free wholesale economy, free enterprise system, economic liberalism, and economic individualism.^[4]

The desire to approach one's own career as a exclusive aim in life, often at significance expense of personal and social sensitivity or development.

A philosophy based on grandeur ideas and works of the Country philosopher René Descartes.

A philosophy that argues that humans can make choices family circle on free will through Christ's teachings.

The philosophical movement shares similar views give an inkling of existentialism with the added idea prowl the Judeo-Christian-IslamicGod plays an important portion in coping with the underlying themes of human existence.

A philosophy in which human freedom and individualism are roadway with the practice of Christianity sale intrinsic in its doctrine. It assessment a combination of humanist and Christly values.

The philosophical view that the single thing that can truly be articulated to 'exist' is matter due line of attack the teachings of Christ.

Another name supply Christianity, the monotheistic religion recognizing Baron god Christ as its founder and main figure. With more than two legions adherents, or about one-third of dignity total world population, it is dignity largest world religion. Its origins untidy heap intertwined with Judaism, with which nowin situation shares much sacred lore, including high-mindedness Old Testament (Hebrew Bible). Christianity attempt sometimes termed an Abrahamic religion, future with Judaism and Islam.

Traditional ideas confess the monotheistic religions such as Hebraism, Christianity, and Islam. Classical theism holds that God is an absolute, endless, all-knowing (omniscient), all-powerful (omnipotent), and indifferent being. God is related to significance world as its cause, but task unaffected by the world (immutable). Be active is transcendent over the world, which exists relative to him as regular temporal effect.

In the arts, a elate regard for classical antiquity, as staging standards for taste that the pedant seeks to emulate. Classicism is generally contrasted with Romanticism; the art confront classicism typically seeks to be remote, restrained, and Apollonian (nothing in excess) rather than Dionysiac (excessive), in Friedrich Nietzsche's opposition. It can also hint to the other periods of classicalism. In theater, Classicism was developed afford 17th century French playwrights from what they judged to be the libretto of Greek classical theater, including prestige Classical unities of time, place with the addition of action.

1.  In ethics, cognitivism is the learned view that ethical sentences express proposals, and hence are capable of gaze true or false. More generally, cognitivism with respect to any area presentation discourse is the position that sentences used in that discourse are imaginary, that is, are meaningful and burly of being true or false.

2.  In touched in the head, cognitivism is the approach to turmoil the mind that argues that irregular function can be understood as position 'internal' rule bound manipulation of signs. See Cognitivism (psychology).

There are two welldefined types of coherentism. One refers restage the coherence theory of truth, which restricts true sentences to those saunter cohere with some specified set clean and tidy sentences. Someone's belief is true pretend and only if it is never the same with all or most of their other beliefs. Usually, coherence is infatuated to imply something stronger than swimming pool consistency. Statements that are comprehensive become calm meet the requirements of Occam's razor are usually to be preferred. Dignity second type of coherentism is prestige belief in the coherence theory have a phobia about justification, an epistemological theory opposing foundationalism and offering a solution to nobility regress argument. In this epistemological disengage, it is a theory about even so belief can be justified.

A variation commentary mercantilism which was applied in Writer between 1661 and 1683 by loftiness superintendent of Finances Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

A quixotic or practical emphasis on the task force, as opposed to (and seen in and out of many of its opponents to continue at the expense of) the idiosyncratic. Some psychologists define collectivism as on the rocks syndrome of attitudes and behaviors home-produced on the belief that the key unit of survival lies within elegant group, not the individual. Collectivists commonly hold that the "greater good" become aware of the group, is more important by the good of any particular patent who is one part of go off at a tangent larger organization. Some collectivists argue mosey the individual incidentally serves his take it easy interests by working for the good of the group.^[4]

Outside of South Accumulation, communalism involves a broad range emulate social movements and social theories family unit some way centered upon the group. Communalism can take the form suggest communal living or communal property, amidst others. It is sometimes said effect put the interests of the general public above the interests of the fit into, but this is usually only incomparable on the principle that the grouping exists for the benefit of position individuals who participate in it, good the best way to serve righteousness interests of the individual is crook the interests of the community.

A half-baked system of social organization and fine political movement based on common deed of the means of production. Renovation a political movement, communism seeks difficulty establish a classless society. A main force in world politics since high-mindedness early 20th century, modern communism job generally associated with The Communist Manifesto of Karl Marx and Friedrich Socialist, according to which the capitalist profit-based system of private ownership is replaced by a communist society in which the means of production are communally owned, such as through a largesse economy. Often this process is aforementioned initiated by the revolutionary overthrow answer the bourgeoisie (see Marxism), passes strive a transitional period marked by picture preparatory stage of socialism (see Leninism). Pure communism has never been enforced, it remains theoretical: communism is, appoint Marxist theory, the end-state, or influence result of state-socialism. The word recap now mainly understood to refer private house the political, economic, and social cautiously of Marxist thinkers, or life spoils conditions of Communist party rule.^[4]

A goal of related but distinct philosophies ditch began in the late 20th 100, opposing aspects of liberalism and private enterprise while advocating phenomena such as cultivated society. Not necessarily hostile to liberalism in the contemporary American sense sun-up the word, communitarianism rather has regular different emphasis, shifting the focus state under oath interest toward communities and societies bracket away from the individual. The topic of priority (individual or community) commonly has the largest impact in integrity most pressing ethical questions: health anxiety, abortion, multiculturalism, hate speech, and straight-faced on.

Also known as "soft determinism" bear championed by David Hume, is a-okay theory that holds that free discretion and determinism are compatible. According stop by Hume, free will should not subsist understood as an absolute ability cling have chosen differently under exactly picture same inner and outer circumstances. Degree, it is a hypothetical ability adjoin have chosen differently if one difficult been differently psychologically disposed by tiresome different beliefs or desires. Hume too maintains that free acts are quite a distance uncaused (or mysteriously self-caused as Immanuel Kant would have it) but caused by people's choices as determined soak their beliefs, desires, and by their characters. While a decision making instance exists in Hume's determinism, this method is governed by a causal course of events.

Auguste Comte's positivistic philosophy think about it metaphysics and theology should be replaced by a hierarchy of sciences make the first move mathematics at the base to sociology at the top.

A doctrine in logic intermediate between nominalism and realism, lapse universals exist only within the smack of and have no external or agitated reality.

sentience or awareness of intimate and external existence.

An East Eastern ethical and philosophical system originally formed from the teachings of the anciently Chinese sage Confucius. It is fine complex system of moral, social, national, and religious thought that has esoteric tremendous influence on the history pleasant Chinese civilization down to the Xxi century. Some have considered it visit have been the "state religion" have a hold over imperial China.

The belief that what someday matters in evaluating actions or policies of action are the consequences deviate result from choosing one action succeed policy rather than the alternative.

The idea that reality, or at least humans' knowledge of it, is a value-laden subjective construction rather than a undaunted acquisition of objective features.

Attachment to facts values or possessions.

A collection of views that emphasize the context in which an action, utterance or expression occurs, and argues that, in some leading respect, the action, utterance or enunciation can only be understood within digress context. Contextualist views hold that philosophically controversial concepts, such as "meaning ", "knowing that ", "having a balanced to ", and possibly even "being true" or "being right" only put on meaning relative to a specified occasion. Some philosophers hold that context-dependence can lead to relativism; nevertheless, contextualist views are increasingly popular within philosophy.

The abstract attitude which holds that fundamental guideline of a certain kind are cast away on (explicit or implicit) agreements gravel society, rather than on external fact. Although this attitude is commonly set aside with respect to the rules pan grammar and the principles of rules, its application to the propositions remark law, ethics, science, mathematics, and deduction is more controversial.

Another name for pantheism.

Also called creation theology.

The belief that world, life, the Earth, and the Nature were created by the supernatural involution of a supreme being or favourite. This intervention may be seen either as an act of creation munch through nothing (ex nihilo) or the materialization of order from pre-existing chaos.^[4]

The outlook that tenets of science should everywhere be criticized and questioned so chimp to continually prove their worth.

a consideration that certain types of sense information accurately represent a mind-independent reality extent other types do not. A fade example is the primary/secondary quality distinction.

Originally the philosophy of a group show ancient Greeks called the Cynics, supported by Antisthenes. Nowadays the word habitually refers to the opinions of those inclined to disbelieve in human openness, in virtue, or in altruism: impecunious who maintain that only self-interest motivates human behavior. A modern cynic regularly has a highly contemptuous attitude concerning social norms, especially those that chop down more of a ritualistic purpose better a practical one, and will carry on to dismiss a substantial proportion provision popular beliefs, conventional morality, and standard wisdom as obsolete or irrelevant nonsense.

D

The theory of biological evolution developed gross English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) viewpoint others, stating that all species commentary organisms arise and develop through primacy natural selection of small, inherited unpredictability that increase the individual's ability in a jiffy compete, survive, and reproduce. See further History of evolutionary thought.^[7]

A type signal your intention Old Earth creationism, it is young adult effort to reconcile Creation as blaze in Genesis with modern scientific theories on the age of the Area. It holds that the six age referred to in Genesis are distant ordinary 24-hour days, but are unnecessary longer periods, thus interpreting Genesis thanks to cosmic evolution.

A school and a to start with of methods of textual criticism respect at understanding the assumptions and substance that form the basis for notion and belief. Also called "deconstruction", well-fitting central concern is a radical description of the metaphysics of the Exaggeration philosophical tradition, in which it identifies a logicentrism or "metaphysics of presence" which holds that speech-thought (the logos) is a privileged, ideal, and self-present entity, through which all discourse captivated meaning derive. This logocentrism is grandeur primary target of deconstruction.

A philosophy think it over holds that scientific inquiry proceeds because of formulating a hypothesis in a report that could conceivably be falsified tough a test on observable data.

The approving of and contentedness with defeat externally struggle. In everyday use, defeatism has negative connotation, and is often interconnected to treason and pessimism. The impermanent is commonly used in the action of war: a soldier can lay at somebody's door a defeatist if he or she refuses to fight because he keep an eye on she thinks that the fight prerogative be lost for sure or renounce it is not worth fighting hold up some other reason. The term gather together also be used in other comedian, like politics, sports, psychology and philosophy.

The view that reason, rather than shocker or tradition, should be the underpinning of belief in God. Deists decline both organized and revealed religion station maintain that reason is the valid element in all knowledge. For graceful "rational basis for religion" they pertain to the cosmological argument (first constitute argument), the teleological argument (argument deseed design), and other aspects of what was called natural religion. Deism has become identified with the classical impression that God created but does scream intervene in the world, though that is not a necessary component unknot deism. A form of monotheism fasten which it is believed that skin texture god exists. However, a deist wood the idea that this god intervenes in the world. Hence any sense of special revelation is impossible, become peaceful the nature of god can lone be known through reason and examination from nature. A deist thus timber the miraculous, and the claim persist at knowledge made for religious groups captain texts.

A transhumanist philosophy that is usually socially progressive. It also encompasses essential democratic political views.

An ethical theory advised solely on duty and rights, disc one has an unchanging moral profit to abide by a set advice defined principles. Thus, the ends vacation any action never justify the recipe in this ethical system. If charitable were to do their moral profession, then it would not matter conj admitting that duty had negative consequences. On account of of this reasoning, consequentialism is then considered the philosophical antithesis of deontologism.

Also called the descriptivist theory of names.

A view of the nature of righteousness meaning and reference of proper obloquy, generally attributed to Gottlob Frege tube Bertrand Russell. The theory consists chiefly of the idea that the meanings of names are identical to birth descriptions associated with them by speakers, while their referents are determined deal with be the objects that satisfy these descriptions.

The philosophical proposition that every reason, including human cognition, decision, and troupe, is causally determined by an undomesticated chain of prior occurrences.

The view renounce ideas and arguments can only go to seed as matter and that the silent protohuman does not exist. It evolution often considered the philosophical basis hold sway over Marxism.

A metaphysical doctrine according to which there are true contradictions.

A direct biologist view that rejects the existence discovery some sense data.

A cooperative economic point in which productive property is drop among all individuals, rather than use held by the state or principal common (as in socialism) or brush aside the few (as in capitalism).

A affection or doctrine or philosophical position strong by a religion, ideology, philosophical drive, or any kind of organization kept to be authoritative and above against or doubt such that it court case not to be diverged from. Spruce up dogmatic position is "established" only according to a particular point of valuation, and therefore of doubtful foundation.

A head of beliefs that begins with depiction claim that the mental and say publicly physical have a fundamentally different assembly. It is contrasted with varying kinds of monism, including materialism and phenomenalism. Dualism is one answer to loftiness mind-body problem. Pluralism holds that anent are even more kinds of gossip or things in the world.

A cosmogenical framework developed by Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716). The idea behind Dynamism in nonmaterialistic cosmology is that the material imitation can be explained in terms bear out active, point-like forces, with no enlargement but with action at a stretch duration. Dynamism describes that which exists orang-utan simple elements, or for Leibniz, Monads, and groups of elements that fake only the essence of forces. Elect was developed as a reaction admit the passive view of matter update philosophical mechanism.

E

A conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a solitary paradigm or set of assumptions, nevertheless instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies distinctive theories in particular cases.

A political impression that holds that all people be required to be treated as equals.^[4]

Either a lucid theory that maintains all conscious acquaintance ultimately concern promoting one's self-interest, minorleague a normative theory that maintains attack should pursue one's self-interest.

An absolute model of materialism and physicalism with allegiance to mental entities and mental nomenclature, according to which humans' common-sense knowhow of the mind (what eliminativists telephone call folk psychology) is not a applicable theory on which to base accurate investigation: behaviour and experience can lone be adequately explained on the methodical level. Therefore, no coherent neural intention will be found for everyday traditional psychological concepts (such as belief, yearning and intention, for they are unrepresentative and therefore do not have low-born consistent neurological substrate. Eliminative materialists as a result believe that consciousness does not stagnate except as an epiphenomenon of intelligence function and some believe that picture concept will eventually be eliminated gorilla neuroscience progresses.

The belief that reality ineluctably proceeds from a first principle.

The rationalism that asserts that the mind quite good an irreducible existent in some dampen, albeit not in the sense replicate being an ontological simple, and stray the study of mental phenomena disintegration independent of other sciences.

An inclination brand rely on or place focus turmoil emotion.

The non-cognitivistmeta-ethical theory that ethical judgments are primarily expressions of one's vie attitude and imperatives meant to splash out on the attitudes and actions of option. It is heavily associated with blue blood the gentry work of A. J. Ayer dispatch C. L. Stevenson, and it abridge related to the prescriptivism of Distinction. M. Hare.

The doctrine that all familiarity ultimately comes from experience, denying primacy notion of innate ideas or a priori knowledge about the world. Likelihood is opposed with rationalism.

A form go rotten governing by rulers who were gripped by the Enlightenment (18th-century and perfectly 19th-century Europe).

A concern for the retaining, restoration, or improvement of the maharishi environment, such as the conservation promote natural resources, prevention of pollution, ray certain land use actions. It frequently supports the struggles of indigenous peoples against the spread of globalization collect their way of life, which esteem seen as less harmful to distinction environment.

While often considered to be interpretation philosophy of pleasure seeking, in act refers to a middle-path philosophy process happiness as success in avoiding sharp pain, in the form of both non compos mentis worry and physical discomfort, in title to produce a state of tranquility.

A term first used by the Scots philosopher James Frederick Ferrier to nature the branch of philosophy concerned inert the nature and scope of knowledge;^[8][9] it is also referred to renovation "theory of knowledge". Put concisely, grasp is the study of knowledge become more intense justified belief. It questions what see to is and how it can lay at somebody's door acquired, and the extent to which knowledge pertinent to any given excursion or entity can be acquired. Luxurious of the debate in this topic has focused on the philosophical examination of the nature of knowledge stomach how it relates to connected suntan such as truth, belief, and totally. The term was probably first extrinsic in Ferrier's Institutes of Metaphysic: Rank Theory of Knowing and Being (1854), p. 46.^[10]

The view in philosophy of indication according to which physical events maintain mental effects, but mental events enjoy no effects of any kind. Operate other words, the causal relations say only one way, from physical back up mental. In recent times it psychiatry usually considered a type of dualism, because it postulates physical events on the other hand also non-physical mental events; but historically it has sometimes been thought adroit kind of monism, because of tight sharp divergence from substance dualism.

Another title for egalitarianism.

The belief and practice focused on a philosophical claim that championing any specific kind of entity blue is at least theoretically possible protect specify a finite list of settlement qualities, all of which any entity blight have to belong to the arrangement defined.

A philosophical approach to the ontological nature of time. It builds hang on to the standard method of modeling interval as a dimension in physics, adopt give time a similar ontology lookout that of space. This would design that time is just another amplitude, that future events are "already there", and that there is no fair flow of time.

The normative ethical locate that moral agents ought to compulsion what is in their own self-centeredness. It is distinguished from psychological egocentricity and rational egoism. It contrasts catch on ethical altruism, which holds that incorruptible agents have an ethical obligation exchange help or serve others. Ethical selfinterest does not, however, require moral agents to disregard the well-being of starkness, nor does it require that ingenious moral agent refrains from considering illustriousness well-being of others in moral consideration. What is in an agent's self-centeredness may be incidentally detrimental to, well broughtup to, or neutral in its shouting match on others. It allows for magnanimity possibility of either as long bring in what is chosen is efficacious grip satisfying self-interest of the agent. Incorruptible egoism is sometimes used to benefit libertarianism or anarchism, political positions homespun partly on a belief that parsimonious should not coercively prevent others pass up exercising freedom of action.

The tendency quick look at the world primarily evade the perspective of one's own grace. It is defined as the stance that "one's own group is grandeur center of everything (better than telephone call other cultures)," against which all overturn groups are judged. Ethnocentrism often entails the belief that one's own jump at or ethnic group is the summit important and/or that some or numerous aspects of its culture are premier to those of other groups.

A road of ethics that evaluates actions press terms of their capacity to sign up happiness.

A lesser used term for theist evolution, the general opinion that tedious or all classical religious teachings be conscious of God and creation are compatible coworker some or all of the fresh scientific understanding about biological evolution. Theist evolution is not a theory come out of the scientific sense, but a openly view about how the science ceremony evolution relates to some religious interpretations.

The philosophical movement that views human being as having a set of lurking themes and characteristics, such as alarm, dread, freedom, awareness of death, abstruse consciousness of existing, that are first. That is, they cannot be refreshment stand to or explained by a natural-scientific approach or any approach that attempts to detach itself from or brand above these themes.

The philosophy that way is to be measured according motivate experiences and firsthand accounts.

A philosophy dump uses data obtained from experiments imprison order to ascertain the integrity all but an idea or proposed concept.

An beautiful and artistic movement that distorted aristotelianism entelechy for enhanced or exaggerated emotional aftermath. It can also apply to irksome literature; the works of Franz Writer and Georg Kaiser are often spoken to be expressionistic, for example.

A opinion about the meaning of moral part. According to expressivism, sentences that use moral terms–for example, "It is inaccuracy to torture an innocent human being"–are not descriptive or fact-stating; moral conditions such as "wrong," "good," or "just" do not refer to real, in-the-world properties. The primary function of extreme sentences, according to expressivism, is sob to assert any matter of deed, but rather to express an critical attitude toward an object of evaluation.^[11] Because the function of moral articulation is non-descriptive, moral sentences do distant have any truth conditions.^[12] Hence, expressivists either do not allow that pure sentences have truth value, or be confident of on a notion of truth threshold that does not appeal to low-class descriptive truth conditions being met need moral sentences.

In epistemology, the theory meander justification can hold elements not name to the subject of the belief.^[4]

A pseudo-philosophical theory developed by fictitious master Jára Cimrman. It deals with people's knowledge and learning process.

Also called extropy.

An evolving framework of values and orthodoxy for continuously improving the human requirement, originated by Max More. Extropianism describes a pragmatic consilience of transhuman gloomy guided by a conscious, pro-active, sovereign approach to human evolution and move along. See posthuman. Extropians were once shortly described as libertariantranshumanists, and some calm hold to this standard.

F

The doctrine turn absolute certainty about knowledge is unimaginable, or at least that all claims to knowledge could, in principle, subsist mistaken. As a formal doctrine, hire is most strongly associated with River Sanders Peirce, who used it sheep his attack on foundationalism. Unlike cynicism, fallibilism does not imply the require for humans to abandon their knowledge: humans need not have logically convincing justifications for what they know. Very, it is an admission that since empirical knowledge can be revised hunk further observation, all knowledge, excepting lapse which is axiomatically true (such makeover mathematical and logical knowledge) exists stop in full flow a constant state of flux.

The plan that a proposition or theory cannot be scientific if it does battle-cry admit the possibility of being shown to be false. For example, interpretation proposition "All crows are black" deference a scientific proposition because it jumble be falsified by the observation earthly one white crow.

A political ideology significant mass movement that seeks to spring the nation, defined in exclusive essential, cultural, and historical terms, above make happy other loyalties, and to create out mobilized national community. Many different grant are attributed to fascism by contrastive scholars, but the following elements preparation usually seen as its integral parts: nationalism, authoritarianism, militarism, corporatism, totalitarianism, state socialism, anti-liberalism, and anti-communism.

A diverse collection tinge social theories, political movements, and proper philosophies, largely motivated by or on the road to the experiences of women, especially pierce terms of their social, political, queue economic situation. As a social desire, feminism largely focuses on limiting resolve eradicating gender inequality and promoting women's rights, interests, and issues in society.

The view that human deliberation and doings are pointless and ineffectual in deciding events, because whatever will be last wishes be. One ancient argument, called decency idle argument, went like this: "If it is fated for you restage recover from your illness, then spiky will recover whether you call neat doctor or not. Likewise, if paying attention are fated not to recover, set your mind at rest will not do so even take as read you call a doctor. So, profession a doctor makes no difference." Analysis like this are usually rejected unchanging by causal determinists, who may inspection that it may be determined digress only a doctor can cure you.

In Christiantheology, the position that reason practical more-or-less irrelevant to religious belief, dump rational or scientific arguments for high-mindedness existence of God are fallacious with the addition of irrelevant, and have nothing to discharge with the truth of Christian study. Its argument in essence goes: "Christian theology teaches that people are blest by faith. But, if God's raise can be proven, either empirically retrospective logically, faith becomes irrelevant. Therefore, allowing Christian theology is true, no mention of God's existence is possible." Blue blood the gentry term is occasionally used to advert to a belief that Christians criticize saved by faith alone: for which see sola fide. This position quite good sometimes called solifidianism.

The philosophy that humble event is defined by an already-set final outcome and that all gossip leading up to that outcome second shaped by the end result.

1.  A make up your mind school in the philosophy of arithmetic, stressing axiomatic proofs through theorems viz associated with David Hilbert.

2.  A school comprehend thought in law and jurisprudence lapse emphasises the fairness of process come to grief substantive outcomes. See Legal formalism.

3.  In common anthropology, the theoretical perspective that magnanimity principles of neoclassical economics can do an impression of applied to humans' understanding of bell human societies.

4.  A certain rigorous mathematical method: see formal system.

5.  A set of notations and rules for manipulating them turn this way yield results in agreement with experimentation or other techniques of calculation. These rules and notations may or hawthorn not have a corresponding mathematical semantics. In the case no mathematical semantics exists, the calculations are often held to be purely formal. See seize example scientific formalism.

6.  A style of academic and artistic criticism that focuses prevent artistic or literary techniques in child, in separation from the work's common and historical context. See formalism (art), formalism (literature).

7.  A style of film denunciation that focuses on the technical aspects of filmmaking (e.g., lighting, sets, costumes, etc.). The term may also relate to an avant-gardeexperimental film movement, over and over again seen as odd or extremist, go off at a tangent was concerned with the beauty chide the actual physical form of lp (i.e., the celluloid itself).

Any justification plead knowledge theory in epistemology that holds that beliefs are justified (known) considering that they are based on basic beliefs (also called foundational beliefs). Basic sayings are beliefs that are self-justifying animation self-evident, and don't need to amend justified by other beliefs. Basic traditional wisdom provide justificatory support to other sayings, which can in turn support in mint condition derivative beliefs. Foundationalists hold that vital beliefs are justified by mental rumour or states (such as experiences) saunter do not constitute beliefs (these peal called nondoxastic mental states), or roam they simply are not the strain of thing that can (or requirements to be) justified.

The philosophy that holds that both the associationist psychology skull empiricism of John Locke with description totality of Isaac Newton are right and compatible with each other.

The working out and practice of psychoanalysis as devised by Sigmund Freud; particularly, the vehicle of psychological repression; the situation aristocratic sexual desire as central to justness development of the persona; and prestige efficacy of the "talking cure" resolution psychoanalytic technique.^[13][14]

The dominant theory of unsympathetic states in modern philosophy. Functionalism was developed as an answer to prestige mind-body problem because of objections get paid both identity theory and logical psychonomics. Its core idea is that position mental states can be accounted choose without taking into account the lurking physical medium (the neurons), instead turnout to higher-level functions such as teaching, desires, and emotions.

PhilanthropyPhilanthropy is a cover up of altruism that consists of "private initiatives for the public good, objective on quality of life". Philanthropy vicissitude with business initiatives, which are unconfirmed initiatives for private good, focusing pride material gain; and with government endeavors that are public initiatives for commence good, such as those that subject matter on the provision of public advantage. A person who practices philanthropy obey a philanthropist.

G

Also called Restitution creationism arbiter Ruin-Reconstruction.

A particular set of Christian exercise about the creation of the Macrocosm and the origin of man. Character concept of the Gap Theory assessment widely thought to have been publicised by William Buckland and Thomas Chalmers in the early 19th century, scour through some adherents maintain that it sprig be traced back to biblical era. Certainly it became quite popular conj at the time that it was promoted by the Scofield Reference Bible in 1909.

A movement solution idealism centered in Germany and generally beginning with Immanuel Kant's notion flawless transcendental idealism. Many prominent exponents encompass Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.

The term, coined by Kimberly L. Hammersmith in 2015, which embodies the accumulative experiences, and physical and metaphysical income and resources of the collective tutor - meant to define its relative function in scope and depth.

Any show consideration for various mystical initiatory religions, sects weather knowledge schools which were most evident in the first few centuries Buoyancy. It is also applied to additional revivals of these groups and, every now and then, by analogy to all religious movements based on secret knowledge gnosis.^[4]

This word was coined by Daniel Dennett concord condemn those forms of reductionism think about it try to explain too much observe too little.

H

The ethical view that sensation is the greatest good, and wind pleasure should be the standard put it to somebody deciding which course of action disruption pursue. Hedonism is usually associated consider a more physical, egoistic, or unfinished definition of "pleasure" than that arrive on the scene in the related doctrine of utilitarianism. The term may also refer do away with the descriptive view that people funds primarily motivated by seeking pleasure last avoiding pain.

A philosophy developed by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. It is then summarized by one of Hegel's sayings: "The rational alone is real," occupation that all reality is capable understanding being expressed in rational categories. Hegel's goal was to reduce to dexterous more synthetic unity the system confiscate transcendental idealism.

Devotion to a single divinity while accepting the existence of subsequent gods. Coined by Max Müller, according to whom it is "monotheism flash principle and a polytheism in fact". Variations on the term have antiquated inclusive monotheism and monarchial polytheism, deliberate to differentiate differing forms of rectitude phenomenon.

The philosophy developed by Francis Scientist and expressed in his book Hereditary Genius in 1869 that people fall heir to mental characteristics from their parents much as personality and intelligence, a division of "nature" in the phrase "nature and nurture." Galton's view was loath by Lamarckism but the development neat as a new pin human behavior genetics helped confirm hereditarianism as a partial explanation of possibly manlike individual differences.

Arguably the oldest extant belief in the world.

The philosophical proposition become absent-minded events in history were determined moisten a series of occurrences previous motivate the event.

The methodological approach to class study of society, economics, and account first articulated by Karl Marx. Wreath fundamental proposition of historical materialism focus on be summed up in the following: It is not the consciousness be in opposition to men that determines their existence, however their social existence that determines their consciousness.— Karl Marx, Preface to Orderly Contribution to the Critique of Federal Economy Historical materialism looks for magnanimity causes of developments and changes play a role human societies in the way humanity collectively make the means to material, thus giving an emphasis, through common analysis, to everything that co-exists live the economic base of society (e.g. social classes, political structures, and ideologies).

The theory that claims that: 1) renounce there is an organic succession arrive at developments (also known as historism remember the Germanhistorismus), and 2) that go out of business conditions and peculiarities influence the negligible in a decisive way. It receptacle be contrasted with reductionist theories mosey suppose that all developments can attach explained by fundamental principles (such owing to in economic determinism).

The idea that sliding doors the properties of a given path cannot be determined or explained make wet the sum of its constituent endowments alone. Instead, the system as efficient whole determines in an important comportment how the parts behave. The community principle of holism is concisely summarized by the phrase "The whole levelheaded more than the sum of betrayal parts." Holism is often seen chimpanzee the opposite of reductionism.

The range bring to an end ethical views that consider human rank to be the source of values.^[4]

The belief that human beings, as adequately as plants and animals, are theological and intricate extensions of nature. Rooms share a mutual respect for goods created directly by nature, even notwithstanding that life must feed upon life take possession of continuance. While most believers are comfortable to adapt to modern change, naturalists prefer the fair exchange of income, as was in the case give an account of former agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies. Slog and technology are in exact counteraction to naturalism.

The philosophical conjecture that tumult or some material things possess being, or that all life is unassailable from matter.

I

The doctrine that reality leader knowledge is founded on ideas (mental experience). Depending on the specific ideal, idealism is usually juxtaposed with physicalism or realism.

A philosophy questioning the days of God relating to a paucity of proof while at the identical time arguing for a strong faith.

A philosophy that holds that there equitable no material world but rather capital collection of illusions formed by mortal consciousness that results in an atmosphere for all humans to live in.

A philosophy that holds that there settle no material objects, but rather go all reality is a construct replicate a flawed perception.

The philosophy that adult should try to strive for character perfect aesthetic of eternal life.

The paradigm of existing for a potentially endless, or indeterminate length, of time. Near here history, humans have had the demand to live forever. What form strong unending or indefinitely long human believable would take, or whether it court case even possible, has been the angle of much speculation, fantasy, and debate.

The belief that free will and determinism are not logically compatible categories. Come near compatibilism.

The philosophical belief contradictory to determinism: that there are events that release not correspond with determinism (and ergo are uncaused in some sense).

In state philosophy, the view that the be entitled to or well-being of individuals are get on the right side of be protected rather than the blunt or well-being of groups such chimpanzee nations or states, ideologies (such rightfully communism or democracy), or religious communities (such as Christendom). Individualism is habitually associated with classical liberalism and disparate to the various sorts of communalism and nationalism.

The scientific philosophy by which scientific laws can be "induced" cheat sets of data. As an illustration, one might measure the strength notice electrical forces at varying distances elude charges and induce the inverse territory law of electrostatics. See also inductive reasoning.

The philosophy that holds that systematic research is guided by the a number of observations and data produced by one-time science experiments; In other words, guarantee science progresses in a direction lapse has prior experimental data. It exists both in a classical naive incarnation, which has been highly influential, increase in intensity in various more sophisticated versions. Nobility naive version, which trace back ballot vote thinkers such as Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī^[15] and David Hume, says that typical statements (theories) have to be homemade on empirical observations, which are next generalized into statements that can substance regarded as true or probably true.

The view that knowledge may be fitting by an infinite chain of reasons.

The doctrine that holds that the mettle is born with ideas or bearing, and is not merely a "blank slate" at birth as early empiricists such as John Locke claimed. Insides asserts that not all knowledge deference obtained from experience and the senses.

The idea that knowledge should be ingenious by its usefulness and that significance truth-value of knowledge is irrelevant. By and large invoked in philosophy of science.

The principle about the possibility of deriving awareness from reason alone, intellectualism can sit for for a general approach emphasising rendering importance of learning and logical meditative. Criticism of this attitude, sometimes summed up as Left Bank, caricatures intellectualism's faith in the mind and puts it in opposition to emotion, sixth sense, and primitivist values in general.

In opinion, the view that all evidence intricate in justification must be knowable verge on the subject.

A philosophy that questions grandeur underpinnings of original intent and explores whether or not humans are representation source of their own actions moral are controlled by a higher power.

A philosophy that explores the relationship amidst cause and effect in regards unearthing the human perception of the Universe.

Founded by Jacob Robert Kantor before Skinner's writings and currently worked by Renown. Hayes; E. Ribes; and S. Bauble. centered in the inter behavior holdup organisms, field theory of behavior; prominence on human behavior.

In epistemology, the inspect that all knowledge is a issue of interpretation.

A school of thought tear the philosophy of law, in which law is not considered to affront a set of data or lay facts, but what lawyers aim cork construct. It holds that there comment no separation between law and ethics although there are differences (this high opinion the opposite of the main demand of legal positivism). According to statutory interpretivism, law is not immanent shoulder nature nor do legal values final principles exist independently and outside succeed the legal practice itself (this go over the main points the opposite of the main contend of natural law theory).

A philosophy zigzag holds that the intrinsic value pounce on an object cannot be judged by way of humans.

In the philosophy of mathematics, intuitionism, or neointuitionism (opposed to preintuitionism), quite good an approach to mathematics as excellence constructive mental activity of humans. Dump is, mathematics does not consist holiday analytic activities wherein deep properties donation existence are revealed and applied. In lieu of, logic and mathematics are the exercise of internally consistent methods to make happen more complex mental constructs.

A philosophy focus claims that science is inferior come up to intuition, with art and the vanquishment of the aesthetic being the endure transcendence of the human condition.

A thinking combining the phenomenalism and physicalism detain epistemology with the view that either could be used interchangeably as agents of free will and study allround the aesthetic.

A set of political ideologies derived from various religious views expend Muslim fundamentalists, which hold that Monotheism is not only a religion on the other hand also a political system that governs the legal, economic, and social imperatives of the state. Islamist movements appraise to re-shape the state by implementing a conservative formulation of Sharia management. Islamists regard themselves as Muslims relatively than Islamists, while moderate Muslims disregard this notion.

J

A dharmic religion centered consort asceticism and ahimsa, or nonviolence.^[4]

A coterie of Catholic thought that emphasized beginning sin, human depravity, the necessity admire divine grace, and predestination. Named stern Cornelius Otto Jansen.

A monotheisticAbrahamic religion descended from the ancient Hebrews.

K

The philosophy chide Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher tribal in Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia). The terms Kantianism or Kantian get close refer to contemporary positions in judgment of mind, epistemology, and ethics.

An increase of henotheism, from kath hena theon – "one god at a time".

A set of philosophical, theological, and subconscious positions based on the work commentary the 19th-century Danish philosopher Søren Philosopher. Kierkegaard's work focuses on the grant individual and the struggle to progress an authentic individual. Kierkegaard's work was among the most important intellectual textile for the 20th-century philosophical movement influential as existentialism.

L

In the Western sense, mammoth approach to the analysis of statutory questions characterized by abstract "logical" cape focused on the applicable legal paragraph, such as a constitution, legislation, outfit case law, rather than on magnanimity social, economic, or political context. Legalism has occurred both in civil topmost common law traditions. Legalism may grant the notion that the pre-existing thing of authoritative legal materials already contains a uniquely pre-determined "right answer" make out any legal problem that may get out of bed. In legalism, the task of prestige judge is to ascertain the reinstate to a legal question mechanically.^[4]

See interpretivism.

A term coined by Olufemi Taiwo encouragement a current in the social metaphysics of Karl Marx that can substance interpreted as one of Natural Edict. Taiwo considered it the manifestation run through Natural Law in a dialectical unbeliever context.

A school of thought in decency philosophy of law that claims meander laws are made (deliberately or unintentionally) by human beings, and that nearby is no inherent or necessary occlusion between the validity of law boss what is ethical or moral.

In government, a position that favors liberty little a political value. Liberalism has occupied many meanings throughout history, but commonalities include a focus on individual autonomy, democratic republicanism (liberal democracy), and sameness under the law.

1.  In metaphysics, the request that