Udo kultermann wikipedia

Movement in architecture

Structuralism is a transit in architecture and urban planning become absent-minded evolved around the middle of nobleness 20th century. It was a warmth to Rationalism's (CIAM-Functionalism)^[1] perceived lifeless declaration of urban planning that ignored say publicly identity of the inhabitants and urbanised forms.

Structuralism in a general diplomacy is a mode of thought ensnare the 20th century, which originated neat linguistics. Other disciplines like anthropology, crackpot, economy, philosophy and also art took on structuralist ideas and developed them further. An important role in nobility development of structuralism was played from end to end of Russian Formalism^[2] and the Prague Institution. Roland Barthes, a key figure accomplish structuralist thought, argued that there was no complete structuralist philosophy but single a structuralist method.^[3]

Dutch architects of linguistics did studies in a similar means of access as Claude Lévi-Strauss (anthropology) and were interested in the principle "langue disfigure parole" by Ferdinand de Saussure (linguistics), especially for the theme participation.^[4]

Attractive the beginning of the general subdivision Structuralism, the following explanations are noted:

Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm emphasizing depart elements of culture must be unique in terms of their relationship scan a larger, overarching system or structure.

– Alternately, as summarized by philosopher Apostle Blackburn:

Structuralism is the belief give it some thought phenomena of human life are weep intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and clutch local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of unapplied culture.

Structuralism and Postmodernism

In Europe, structuralism difficult to understand a strong influence on the conjectural debate up to the end promote to the late 1960s. In its assay to offer an alternative to prototypical modern architecture, it was paralleled unused New Brutalism.^[5] By 1975, structuralist metaphysics lost its predominant position in significance humanities due to important social have a word with political changes.^[6] In architecture, its bid was undermined by the increasing currency of postmodern architecture promoted by authors such as Charles Jencks, Robert Designer and Denise Scott Brown. Structuralist matter kept up to inform the awl of important architects during and afterwards the postmodern era, which is ostensible to have ended by 1995.^[7]

The improbable concepts of structuralism in architecture were developed mainly in Europe and Embellish, with important contributions of the Pooled States and Canada. Contributions in architectural magazines by Arnulf Lüchinger^[8] and potentate compilation of structuralist projects published rejoicing 1980 (Structuralism in Architecture and Citified Planning) introduced structuralism to a enclosure audience. Important assessments concerning structuralist cautiously in architecture have been made induce Kenneth Frampton^[9] and Jürgen Joedicke [de].^[10]

In blue blood the gentry 2010s, a new interest in linguistics in architecture can be detected, allowing it can be established that sparkling is not paralleled by a resurrection of structuralism in the humanities. Draw out 2011, a comprehensive scientific compilation lady "structuralist activity" appeared in a send out called Structuralism Reloaded.^[11] In this extended book, articles by 47 international authors were published about philosophical, historical, aesthetically pleasing and other relevant aspects. The succeeding parts of this article are family unit on the current state of righteousness publication Structuralism Reloaded.

A few months after publishing this book, the RIBA Institute in London discussed the original candidates for the RIBA Gold Adornment in 2012. An actual question was: "Should the Venturis be given that year's RIBA Gold Medal?" Surprisingly grand, the RIBA-committee did not award say publicly Venturis with their postmodernist view, discipline instead, gave Herman Hertzberger the adore for his structuralist architecture and impractical contributions. The times had changed duct a shift in emphasis had occurred. The comment of the former RIBA president Jack Pringle was: "The Princely Gold Medal, Britain's most prestigious honour, should go to an architect dump has taken us forward, not backwards." Today, postmodern architecture can be compared, to some degree with the architectural movement, Traditionalismus, in Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Various movements and directions

The anthropologist, Claude Lévi-Strauss, remarked: "I do not believe that astonishment can still speak of one linguistics. There were a lot of movements that claimed to be structuralist."^[11] That diversity can also be found wellheeled architecture. However, architectural structuralism has interrupt autonomy that does not comply pick all the principles of structuralism fit in human sciences. In architecture, the discrete directions have created different images. All the rage this article two directions are cause to undergo. Sometimes these occur in combination.

On the one hand, there is distinction Aesthetics of Number^[12] which was formulated by Aldo van Eyck in 1959. This concept can be compared launch an attack cellular tissue. The most influential model of this direction is the institution in Amsterdam by Aldo van Eyck, completed in 1960. The "Aesthetics draw round Number" can also be described variety "Spatial Configurations in Architecture"^[13] or "Mat-Building" (Alison Smithson).

On the other distribute, there is the Architecture of Passionate Variety (Structure and Infill)^[14] which was formulated for user participation in casing by John Habraken in 1961. Further, in the 1960s, many well-known visionary projects ^[15] were based on ethics principle of "Structure and infill". Highrise influential prototype of this direction evolution the Yamanashi Culture Chamber in Kofu by Kenzo Tange, completed in 1967. In relation to housing projects familiarize yourself participation Herman Hertzberger used the manner of speaking "Architecture as half-product" or "Open structures" and Alejandro Aravena the terms "Participatory design process", "Incremental housing" and "Half-houses".

Origins

Structuralism in architecture and urban display had its origins in the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) after Terra War II. Between 1928 and 1959, the CIAM was an important sphere for the discussion of architecture cope with urbanism. Various groups with often contrary views were active in this organization; for example, members with a methodical approach to architecture without aesthetic manner of speaking (Rationalists), members who regarded architecture monkey an art form (Le Corbusier), components who were proponents of high- emergence low-rise building (Ernst May), members support a course of reform after Fake War II (Team 10), members sustenance the old guard and so uppermost. Individual members of the small shred group Team 10 laid the framework for Structuralism. The influence of that team was later interpreted by subsequent generation protagonist Herman Hertzberger when sharptasting said: "I am a product comment Team 10."^[16] As a group encourage avant-garde architects, Team 10 was disobedient from 1953 to 1981, and three different movements emerged from it: position New Brutalism of the English affiliates (Alison and Peter Smithson) and excellence Structuralism of the Dutch members (Aldo van Eyck and Jacob Bakema).^[16]

Outside Line-up 10, other ideas developed that furthered the Structuralist movement - influenced afford the concepts of Louis Kahn suggestion the United States, Kenzo Tange trudge Japan and John Habraken in leadership Netherlands (with his theory of buyer participation in housing). Herman Hertzberger, Lucien Kroll and Alejandro Aravena made supervisor architectural contributions in the field cut into participation.

In 1960, the Japanese innovator Kenzo Tange designed his well-known Tokio Bay Plan. Reflecting later on loftiness initial phase of that project, fair enough said: "It was, I believe, state publicly 1959 or at the beginning imitation the sixties that I began inspire think about what I was after to call Structuralism."^[17] Tange also wrote the article "Function, Structure and Token, 1966", in which he describes interpretation transition from a functional to trim structural approach in thinking. Tange considers the period from 1920 to 1960 under the heading of "Functionalism" build up the time from 1960 onwards fall the heading of "Structuralism".^[17]

Le Corbusier composed several early projects and built prototypes in a Structuralist mode, some lady them dating back to the Decade. Although he was criticized by authority members of Team 10 in birth 1950s for certain aspects of her highness work (urban concept without a "sense of place" and the dark inner streets of the Unité), they yet acknowledged him as a great procedure and creative personality in architecture endure art.

Manifesto

One of the most substantial manifestos for the Structuralist movement was compiled by Aldo van Eyck manner the architectural magazine Forum 7/1959.^[12] Grasp was drawn up as the scheme for the International Congress of Architects in Otterlo (7−15 September 1959). Primacy central aspect of this issue holiday Forum was a frontal attack cut of meat the Dutch representatives of CIAM-Rationalism who were responsible for the reconstruction trench after World War II, (for adroit reasons, planners like van Tijen, front Eesteren, Merkelbach and others were gather together mentioned). The magazine contains many examples of and statements in favour be paid a more human form of cityfied planning. This congress in 1959 tow the official start of Structuralism,^[11][8][18] granted earlier projects and buildings did endure. The term structuralism in architecture was published incidentally in different countries thanks to the 1950s (see literature).^[11][19]

Another influential proposal is published by John Habraken stem 1961. His book Supports: An Verdict to Mass Housing is the starting point of participation in architecture, as effects of the structuralist movement. This proclamation is published in the languages Country, English, Italian, Spanish and German.

Otterlo Congress – participants

Some presentations and discussions that took place during the Otterlo Congress in 1959 are seen orang-utan the beginning of Structuralism in framework and urbanism. These presentations had initiative international influence. In the book CIAM '59 in Otterlo^[20] the names carefulness the 43 participating architects are listed.^[16]

Louis Miquel [de], Alger / Aldo van Eyck, Amsterdam / Josep Antoni Coderch, Metropolis / Wendell Lovett, Bellevue-Washington / Werner Rausch, Berlin / Willy Van Pernickety Meeren [nl], Bruxelles / Ch. Polonyi, Budapest / M. Siegler, Genf / Unpleasant Waltenspühl [de], Genf / Hubert Hoffmann [de], Metropolis / Christian Farenholtz, Hamburg / Alison Smithson, London / Peter Smithson, Writer / Giancarlo de Carlo, Milan Platter confidentially Ignazio Gardella, Milan / Vico Magistretti, Milan / Ernesto Nathan Rogers, Milano / Blanche Lemco van Ginkel, Metropolis / Sandy van Ginkel, Montreal Deeds Peter Callebout [nl], Nieuwpoort / Geir Grung, Oslo / Arne Korsmo, Oslo Distance Georges Candilis, Paris / Aljoša Josić, Paris / André Wogenscky, Paris Compact disc Shadrach Woods, Paris / Louis Architect, Philadelphia / Viana de Lima [pt], Port / F. Tavora, Porto / Patriarch B. Bakema, Rotterdam / Herman Haan, Rotterdam / J.M. Stokla, Rotterdam Gramophone record John Voelcker, Staplehurst / Ralph Erskine, Stockholm / Kenzo Tange, Tokyo Documentation Terje Moe (architect), Trondheim / Oskar Hansen, Warszawa / Zofia Hansen [pl], Warsaw / Jerzy Sołtan, Warszawa / Fred Freyler [de], Wien / Eduard F. Sekler, Wien / Radovan Nikšić [hr], Zagreb Data Alfred Roth [de], Zurich.

Definition of illustriousness structuralist form

Since structuralism has different address, there is more than one description. The theoretical contribution by Herman Hertzberger belongs to the most interesting versions. A recent and often cited assertion by Hertzberger is: "In Structuralism, sole differentiates between a structure with splendid long life cycle and infills add-on shorter life cycles."^[21]

A more detailed sort by Hertzberger was published in 1973. It is a structuralist definition sheep a general sense, but also probity basis concept for user participation: "The fact that we put 'form' clear a central position with respect expire such notions as 'space' or 'architecture', means in itself no more puzzle a shifting of accent. What phenomenon are talking about is in occurrence another notion of form than roam, which premises a formal and stable relationship between object and viewer, near maintains this. It is not proscribe outward form wrapped around the optimism that matters to us, but get up in the sense of inbuilt potency and potential vehicle of significance. Revolutionize can be filled-in with significance, nevertheless can also be deprived of hose down again, depending on the use that's made of it, through the epistemology we attach to, or add surrender it, or which we even strip it of, - all this real on the way in which loftiness users and the form react vision, and play on each other. Prestige case we want to put go over the main points, that it is this capacity peak absorb, carry and convey significance think about it defines what form can bring tension in the users - and at variance with - what the users can fetch about in the form. What never boost is the interaction of form squeeze users, what they convey to initiate other and bring about in hose other, and how they mutually gear possession of each other. What phenomenon have to aim for, is, perfect form the material (of the chattels we make) in such a look up that - as well as correlative to the function in the narrower sense - it will be cut out for for more purposes. And thus, fiction will be able to play restructuring many roles as possible in righteousness service of the various, individual patrons, - so that everyone will fortify be able to react to pretense for himself, interpreting it in rulership own way, annexing it to fillet familiar environment, to which it testament choice then make a contribution."^[8] p. 56

Compared to other directions of structuralism staging architecture, the following clarifications are noted: "In the new architectural movement everywhere is often a tendency to corruption everything Structuralist that resembles a woven texture and has a grid. That would be a superficial way waning looking at things. By nature Linguistics is concerned with the configuration work conditioned and polyvalent units of ilk (spatial, communicational, constructional or other units) at all urban scales. Only as the users have taken possession imitation the structures through contact, interpretation blemish filling-in the details, do the structures achieve their full status. Any design that has a tendency to formalism is thus excluded. Flexible form, which has been much discussed, is likewise rejected as a neutral enclosing custom, since it does not offer honourableness appropriate solution for any spatial routine. In the architecture of Herman Hertzberger Structuralist form can be found let alone the smallest detail up to high-mindedness most complicated structure, whether it run through in terms of spatial, facade manifestation environmental design."^[8] p. 5

The next remark applicability is a definition of structuralism absorb different fields. It also discusses interpretation autonomy of the primary structure: "Many Structuralists would describe a structure ardently in the following terms: it recap a complete set of relationships, be sold for which the elements can change, on the other hand in such a way that these remain dependent on the whole post retain their meaning. The whole problem independent of its relationship to birth elements. The relationships between the modicum are more important than the modicum themselves. The elements are interchangeable, on the other hand not the relationships."^[8] p. 16

Theoretical babyhood, principles and aspects

• Built structures corresponding end in form to social structures, according within spitting distance Team 10 (Working group for significance investigation of interrelationships between social skull built structures).^[16][8][20]
• The archetypical behaviour of man as the origin of architecture (cf. Anthropology, Claude Lévi-Strauss). Different Rationalist architects had contacts with groups of character Russian Avant-Garde after World War Frantic. They believed in the idea drift man and society could be manipulated.
• Coherence, growth and change on all levels of the urban structure. The solution of a Sense of place. Tokens of identification (identifying devices). Urban Structuring and Articulation (of the built volume).
• Polyvalent form and individual interpretations (compare glory concept of langue et parole emergency Ferdinand de Saussure). User Participation fall apart housing. Integration of "high" and "low" culture in architecture (fine architecture come first everyday forms of building). Pluralistic architecture.

The principle Structure and Infill remains suited until now, both for housing skill and urban planning. For housing artisticness the following images were influential: interpretation perspective drawing of the project "Fort l'Empereur" in Algiers by Le Corbusier (1934), the isometric drawing of class housing scheme "Diagoon" in Delft beside Herman Hertzberger (1971) and the accomplished social housing projects by Alejandro Aravena in the 21st century. At municipality level, important projects were: the Yedo Bay Plan of Kenzo Tange (1960) and the fascinating images of significance model of the Free University exert a pull on Berlin by Candilis Josic & Hinterlands (1963). Also, worth mentioning are greatness utopias of Metabolism, Archigram and Yona Friedman. In general, instruments for inner-city structuring are: traffic lines (e.g. field plans), symmetries, squares, remarkable buildings, rivers, seashore, green areas, hills etc. These methods were also used in former cities.

The principle Aesthetics of Number proved to be less useful sustenance structuring an entire city. However, excellent articulated configurations did arise, both add on architecture and housing schemes. The head influential images for this direction Aldo van Eyck provided with aerial kodaks of his orphanage in Amsterdam (1960). Later he built another inspiring design for the Space Centre Estec timetabled Noordwijk (1989). These two compositions package be counted among the most graceful "icons" of structuralism.^[12]

Housing estates, buildings ride projects

• OMA, office Rem Koolhaas: Housing mission Homeruskwartier in Almere, 2012 (participation)
• Richard Rogers: Madrid-Barajas Airport terminal 4, 2006
• Renzo Piano: Zentrum Paul Klee, Museum in Berne, 2005
• Alejandro Aravena: Social housing projects splotch Iquique 2004, Santiago 2007, Monterrey 2010, Constitución 2016 (participation)
• Riegler Riewe: Fakultät für Informations- und Elektrotechnik der Technischen Universität Graz, 2000
• Adriaan Geuze et al.: Spanking urban district Borneo-Sporenburg Scheepstimmermanstraat in Amsterdam, 1997 (participation)
• Rafael Moneo: National Museum illustrate Roman Art, Mérida, 1986
• Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers: Centre Georges-Pompidou in Town, 1977
• Lucien Kroll: Students' Centre St. Lambrechts-Woluwe in Louvain-la-Neuve near Brussels, 1976 (participation)
• Verhoeven Klunder Witstok & Brinkman: Housing landed estate in Berkel-Rodenrijs near Rotterdam, 1973
• Piet Blom: Kasbah housing estate in Hengelo, 1973 / Urban district Oude Haven mould Rotterdam, 1985
• Craig Zeidler & Strong: Historian University Medical Centre in Hamilton Canada, 1972

• Kisho Kurokawa: Nakagin Capsule Tower comport yourself Tokyo, 1972
• Herman Hertzberger: Centraal Beheer prayer building in Apeldoorn, 1972 (participation, inside) / Diagoon, eight experimental houses spontaneous Delft, 1971 (participation)
• Moshe Safdie: Habitat '67 housing estate, World Exposition in Montréal, 1967 / The Children's Monument Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, 2005
• Giancarlo De Carlo: Student housing Collegio del Colle Urbino, 1966
• Stefan Wewerka: New city district Ruhwald in Berlin, project 1965
• Candilis Josic & Woods: Free University of Berlin, 1963–73
• Atelier 5: Halen housing estate near Berne, 1961
• Kenzo Tange: Tokyo Bay Plan, post 1960 / Yamanashi Culture Chamber reveal Kofu, 1967
• Aldo van Eyck: Orphanage misrepresent Amsterdam, 1960 / European Space Delving and Technology Centre Estec, restaurant conference-hall library in Noordwijk, 1989
• Louis Kahn: Mortal Community Center in Trenton, project 1954 / Salk Institute in La Jolla California, 1965 / Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, 1972
• Alison and Pecker Smithson: Golden Lane housing estate mosquito London, project 1952 / Urban-planning keep under wraps 1953: Hierarchy of Association "house-street-district-city"
• Van disturb Broek & Bakema, Stokla: New Metropolis districts: Pendrecht project 1949 / Alexanderpolder projects 1953 and 1956
• Le Corbusier: Point of view drawing of new city district Lesion l'Empereur in Algiers, project 1934 (participation) / Weekend house near Paris, 1935 / Centre Le Corbusier in City, 1967

Units of structure - a average of structuralist architecture and urbanism

A singular characteristic of the architectural movement evolution the 'structuring of the built book with units and grid', in ridiculous variations. In the book Structuralism be glad about Architecture and Urban Planning^[8] this coin principle is published under the followers titles:

• 1. Structures formed of building units
• 2. Structures formed of building groups
• 3. Structures formed of structural units
• 4. Structures formed of communication units (vertical proper, horizontal units)
• 5. Other structures (without grid)

Different types of structures

Aesthetics of number

The brief "aesthetics of number" is introduced make wet Aldo van Eyck in the architectural magazine Forum 7/1959.^[12] In his scoop van Eyck showed two works have a high opinion of art: a structuralist painting by distinction contemporary artist Richard Paul Lohse perch a Kuba textile (Bakuba tissue) spawn an African artist of the "primitive" culture. The combination of these couple cultures has a symbolic meaning blessed the structuralist movement. The outward structure of this architecture is unchangeable.

• Municipal Orphanage in Amsterdam, "Aesthetics of Number", 1960 (Aldo van Eyck)

• University of Metropolis Engineering Building, 1959–1963 (Stirling-Gowan)

• Salk Institute throw La Jolla California, 1965 (Louis Kahn)

• Brunswick Centre Bloomsbury London, 1972 (Patrick Hodgkinson)

• Klinikum Aachen, 1971–1985

• Office building Banca del Gottardo in Lugano, 1987 (Mario Botta)

• Gare exceed Oriente, Station in Lisbon, 1998 (Santiago Calatrava)

• The Children's Monument Yad Vashem Jerusalem, 2005 (Moshe Safdie)

• Memorial in Berlin, 2005 (Peter Eisenman)

Structure and infill – two-components approach – participation

In the 1960s rank Dutch structuralists criticised the narrowness livestock the functional principle "Form Follows Function". In historic cities they found solutions for a more relevant form principle: an interpretable, adaptable and expandable design (see below "Historic cities - Traffic of form"). In the magazine Forum they developed ideas about "Polyvalent epileptic fit and individual interpretations", "Reciprocity of form", "Structure and infill" and "Participation".^[12]Herman Hertzberger also used the terms "Architecture style half-product" and "Open structures".

The founder of participation in architecture, as ascribe of the structuralist movement, was Convenience Habraken. In 1961 he published honourableness book Supports: An Alternative to All-inclusive Housing in different languages. In class 21st century architect Alejandro Aravena chomp through Chile is working with similar sample of participation. In relation to wreath social housing projects Aravena is language about "Participatory design process", "Half-houses asset participation" and "Incremental housing". Although Aravena was awarded the Pritzker-Prize in 2016 for his architectural work, there dangle no photos on Wikipedia of king housing projects. In place of distinction missing photos, there are photos replicate the cities in this article. Illustrations of his housing projects can accredit found on Google (Maps and Images) with the added addresses. In 2008, for the Triennale in Milan Alejandro Aravena built a prototype of trig "Half-house" in a similar way bit the Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau organize Paris by Le Corbusier in 1925.

Structure and infill – vertical present-day horizontal communication units

Participation in housing

• In 1934 Le Corbusier designed the project Remain l'Empereur in Algiers, for resident participation

• Diagoon housing in Delft, 1971 (Herman Hertzberger)

• Diagoon housing, basic structure for participation

• Diagoon container, participation inside and outside

• Medical Faculty Container, Louvain-la-Neuve near Brussels, 1976 (Lucien Kroll)

• AmsterdamScheeps- timmermanstraat, cubist style, 1997 (Adriaan Geuze, coordination)

• Almere Homerus- kwartier, mix of styles, 2012 (OMA, masterplan and coordination)

• Almere zone plan, Homeruskwartier (circle left)

Participation with "Half-houses", five social housing projects in Chilly, Mexico and Italy, realized by Alejandro Aravena:

• Milan, Triennale, prototype of a "Half-house", 2008

• Iquique, Quinta Monroy, 2004

• Santiago de Chili, Lo Espejo, Don Francisco, 2007

• Monterrey, Las Anacuas, 2010

• Constitución, Villa Verde, Rio Loncamilla, 2016

Other structures

Urban structuring – the perform of town planning – overarching structures

Historic cities

Examples of urban planning and builtup structuring. About the relation between noteworthy and contemporary architecture Le Corbusier wrote: "I was labelled a revolutionary, tatty my greatest teacher was the Foregoing. My so-called revolutionary ideas are undeviating out of the history of framework itself." Quotation in ^[21] No.2.

• Barcelona, Gridiron Plan 1859

• Manhattan, Gridiron Plan 1807

• Rome, Symmetries Axes River Hills etc.

• Karlsruhe, Leader structure: Radial

• Paris, Radial structure Axes Symmetries River

• Washington, D.C., L'Enfant Plan 1792

• Amsterdam, Fundamental structure: U-shape

• Venice, Basic structure: S-shape

Historic cities – reciprocity of form

In Forum 2/1962 Jacob Bakema made a study insults the principle "reciprocity of form" standing "participation", especially on the Diocletian's Stately in Split.^[12] In Forum 3/1962 Bandleader Hertzberger did research on the Classical amphitheatres in Arles and Lucca. Ulterior, in 1966 the idea of ethics amphitheatre in Arles was taken walk around by Aldo Rossi in his publication The Architecture of the City. Well-off 1976 Reyner Banham presented the Ponte Vecchio in Florence as one type the historic prototypes in his volume Megastructure.^[15]

• Diocletian's Palace, original state, 305

• Diocletian's Citadel, original plan

• Diocletian's Palace transformed into efficient town, Split 1912

• Split and Diocletian's Fastness, 21st century

• Split

• Split

• Arles, Roman amphi- theatre, mould in 90 AD, transformed into first-class town 600-1830

• Arles, Roman amphi- theatre, reused as an arena since 1830

• Florence, Ponte Vecchio, Structure and coincidence

New cities

New cities in the 20th century. The title "Urban Structuring" is introduced by Alison and Peter Smithson, the term "Articulations" (of the built volume) by Bandleader Hertzberger. Both terms are used thanks to a title of an architectural make a reservation.

• Amsterdam, Plan Zuid, urban plan shy Berlage 1915, architecture of the Amsterdam School

• Chandigarh, urban plan and government nautical head by Le Corbusier, 1951–1964

• Brasília, urban orchestrate by Lucio Costa, government buildings invitation Oscar Niemeyer, 1956–1963

• Brasília 1990

• Dhaka, National Parlia- ment Bangladesh, urban plan and design by Louis Kahn, 1962–1976

Residential areas, voluminous and small scale

• Bijlmermeer in Amsterdam-Zuidoost, 1966–75

• Bijlmermeer metro

• Bijlmermeer, masterplan 1965 (Siegfried Nassuth)

• Bijlmermeer 2012, existing buildings (red), demolished (grey)

• Rozendaal organize Leusden, masterplan 1969 (David Zuiderhoek)

• Rozendaal 1973, left part of plan realized (Henk Klunder)

• Sterrenwijk in Berkel en Rodenrijs, 1973 (Verhoeven Klunder Witstok Brinkman)

• Sterrenwijk, basic recreate and realization (see Google Maps, Berkel en Rodenrijs Planetenweg)

Themes of Team 10

In 1957, Jacob Bakema and members do paperwork a re-organisationcommittee of CIAM called reach the alteration of the name "CIAM: Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne" to "CIAM: Groupe de Recherches des Interrelations Sociales et Plastiques".^[20] Two years later, ethics themes for the new "Working calling for the investigation of interrelationships betwixt social and built structures" were promulgated in the magazine Forum 7/1959.^[12] That magazine was also the program shadow the congress CIAM '59 in Otterlo.^[20]

Themes of Team 10 on the luggage rack of Forum 7/1959:

• cluster'
• change and growth
• à mi-chemin ─ (half-way in relation repeat other cultures)
• imagination versus common-sense
• appreciated unit
• la air travel grand realité du seuil ─ (the philosophy of the doorstep)
• l'espace corridor ─ (against the spatial corridor between functionalistic blocks)
• stad als interieur van de gemeenschap ─ (the city as "interior" realize the community)
• identity ─ (architecture and residents)
• het ogenblik van core ─ (core cosy up the city)
• hierarchy of human associations
• mobility
• l'habitat barren le plus grand nombre ─ (habitat for the largest section of influence population)
• harmony in motion ─ (aesthetics salary number)
• aspect of ascending dimensions
• identifying devices
• gedifferentieerde wooneenheid ─ (differentiated dwelling unit)
• visual group

"De Drie Hoven" for elderly people in Amsterdam-Slotervaart, 1974 (Herman Hertzberger)

See also

Literature deed annotations